As the cutting-edge technology of modern technology, the sensor is considered to be one of the three pillars of modern information technology, and is also recognized as a highly promising high-tech industry at home and abroad. Experts in automation in China pointed out that the plastics industry network, sensor technology is directly related to the development of China's automation industry, that "the sensor technology is strong, the automation industry is strong." This shows the importance of sensor technology to the automation industry and even the entire country's industrial construction.
However, when the sensor ushered in the spring, the Chinese public still seems to be the feast of foreign semiconductor giants. The industry believes that although China's sensor market is developing rapidly, there is still a big gap between local sensor technology and the world level.
This gap, on the one hand, shows that the sensor is lagging behind in terms of perceived information; on the other hand, it shows that the sensor itself is backward in technology in terms of intelligence and networking. Since there is not enough large-scale application, the domestic sensors are not only low in technology but also high in price, and it is difficult to be competitive in the market.
At present, the global sensor market is dominated by several leading companies in the United States, Japan, and Germany. The United States, Japan, Germany and China together account for 72% of the global sensor market share, of which China accounts for about 11%. Compared with more than 20,000 kinds of products produced in the world, only about one-third of China's domestic production can be produced, and the overall technical content is also low, which is a state that is in urgent need of change.
China's sensor development status
China began to get involved in the sensor manufacturing industry as early as the 1960s. In 1972, China established the first batch of piezoresistive sensor development and production units in China; in 1974, it successfully developed China's first practical piezoresistive pressure sensor; in 1978, China's first solid-state piezoresistive acceleration sensor was born; in 1982, The research of silicon micro mechanical system (MEMS) processing technology and SOI (silicon on insulator) technology was first started in China. After entering the 1990s, absolute pressure sensors, micro pressure sensors, ventilator pressure sensors, polysilicon pressure sensors, and low-cost TO-8 package pressure sensors for silicon micromachining technology were introduced and produced. In the past 30 years of reform and opening up, China's sensor technology and its industry have made great progress, mainly in the establishment of the State Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology, the National Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano, and the National Sensing Technology Engineering Center; MEMS MOEMS (micro-optical electromechanical systems) and other research projects have been included in the national high-tech development focus; in the "Ninth Five-Year" national key scientific and technological research projects, sensor technology research has achieved 51 varieties of 86 specifications of new products, the initial establishment The sensor and sensor industry.
At present, China's sensor industry is in the critical stage of development from traditional to new sensors. It reflects the general trend of new sensors to miniaturization, multi-function, digital, intelligent, systematic and networked.
Sensor technology has evolved over the years and its technology development can be divided into three generations:
The first generation is a structured sensor that uses structural parameter changes to sense and transform signals.
The second generation is a solid-state sensor developed in the 1970s. It consists of solid components such as semiconductors, dielectrics, and magnetic materials. It is made of certain properties of materials. Such as: using thermoelectric effect, Hall effect, photosensitive effect, respectively, made of thermocouple sensor, Hall sensor, photosensitive sensor.
The third-generation sensor is a smart sensor that has just been developed in the future. It is a combination of microcomputer technology and detection technology, which makes the sensor have certain artificial intelligence.
China's sensor development and foreign gap
Domestic sensor manufacturers occupy the low-end market. From the development trend, domestic sensor manufacturers have three situations:
1. The products of private or joint ventures occupy the low-end market. Traditional technologies and equipment can meet the manufacturing requirements of most products, and the market is in good development. In addition to individual manufacturers in the individual varieties of foreign production of chips to the domestic packaging of related products, occupying a larger portion of the market, other high-end products are monopolized by foreign manufacturers.
Second, with the rise of emerging industries such as the Internet of Things, the sensor industry has become an important field for the world's high-tech development. In recent years, China's sensor industry has grown rapidly and its application model has matured. However, due to the low grade of industry and poor technological innovation capability, the domestic sensor industry presents a market pattern of low-end surplus and medium-to-high-end monopoly. The lag in the development of sensor technology has hampered the smooth advancement of domestic strategic emerging industries.
At present, from the materials, devices, systems to the network, China has formed a relatively complete sensor industry chain. Great progress has been made in network interfaces, sensor and network communication convergence, and IoT architecture. However, the industry is low in grade, small in scale, and poor in technological innovation. Many companies only introduce foreign components for processing, and the homogenization is serious. The backward production equipment and unstable process result in product index dispersion and poor stability. Imitation products are not as good as agility. In the field of relative R&D, it ignores the basic development of industrialization, and commercial development is seriously lagging behind.
At present, there are about 6,000 kinds of sensor products in China, and there are more than 20,000 in foreign countries, which can not meet the domestic market demand. The import of medium and high-end sensors accounted for 80%, and the import of sensor chips was 90%. The gap in localization is huge. Among them, there are serious shortages of high-tech products such as digitization, intelligence and miniaturization. The high-end products required for national major equipment mainly rely on imports. For sensors and intelligent instruments and meters involved in national security and major projects, foreign countries often impose restrictions on China. Foreign-invested enterprise products occupy the vast majority of the market share in the domestic high-end market, and will continue to control the high-end market for a long time to come, this momentum will not be fundamentally changed in the short term.
Third, the development of state-owned enterprises is in a state of steady growth. In general, it cannot keep up with the pace of foreign technological development. Except for a few manufacturers, the overall gap has an expanding trend. This is because sensor technology is developing rapidly, process and manufacturing equipment are updating fast, and many new equipment cannot be manufactured by domestic manufacturers. And the price of a single device is as low as several hundred thousand dollars, and many millions of dollars. Most manufacturers rely on their own accumulation to find new equipment, which makes it impossible to keep up with the rapid development of foreign companies in many new technologies and processes. pace.
On the one hand, the domestic sensor is characterized by the backwardness of the sensor in terms of sensory information. On the other hand, the sensor itself is backward in technology in terms of intelligence and networking. Since there is not enough large-scale application, the domestic sensors are not only low in technology but also high in price, and it is difficult to be competitive in the market.
China has generally paid attention to the research of sensor technology since 1980. After years of hard work, the level of development in sensor research is still relatively good. However, the technological progress in productization is still not very satisfactory. In many sensor technologies, the level of domestic laboratory research is not very poor. Unfortunately, it has not been fully utilized and has not been transformed into mature products entering the market.
The research of sensor technology requires a long time investment. The development of a sensor can take 6-8 years to mature, and Chinese companies can't afford such a long cycle. Chinese companies are more difficult to withstand failure, and the risk of sensor failure is high.
In the research and development supported by Japanese companies, many of them are not products, but enterprises can afford them. As long as two of the ten items can be turned into products. In contrast, many of our companies are prepared to take what others have. This kind of thinking is problematic, including that we always want to introduce foreign talents with ready-made projects. They are not prepared to raise fish, but to fish a fish.
Compared with the larger equipment, the investment required by the sensor in the productization process is generally not very large, so it is more suitable for small business investment. In this regard, China should have an advantage. However, if you consider it from another perspective, this is also a shortcoming.
One of the characteristics of the sensor industry is that the sensor itself is technically high, but the price of a single sensor is generally not high. One result of this feature is that although the sensor's technical added value is high, it is difficult to form a considerable output value simply by relying on the sensor.
In general, the sensor is a bit like the “drug lead†in traditional Chinese medicine. Its function is very important, but the actual scale needs to rely on the whole medication. Many foreign sensor companies have made breakthroughs in some kinds of sensors, and soon relevant measuring instruments will be developed.
In addition, under China's patent protection mechanism, the key technologies that have been painstakingly developed by sensors often present a kind of "squatting" nature. After being copied, it is difficult to make it clear, and enterprises can't afford a lawsuit. Although there are MEMS sensor companies in China, they are all commissioned. If they are not good, they will be processed by the processing companies themselves. The current enterprise innovation system has great problems.
The main reason for the gap in sensor development in China
First, the core manufacturing technology is seriously lagging behind foreign countries, and domestic products are not satisfactory.
New technologies, new products, new processes and new materials of foreign sensors are constantly emerging. The digitization, intelligence and miniaturization of sensors have become a trend. Most products have become reality, and are constantly improving and constantly upgrading, while our sensors are The research and development of the leading cities is basically the same as that of foreign countries. However, due to the serious lag behind foreign countries in some core manufacturing process technologies, the difference in depth and breadth is large, mainly as follows:
1. The product variety is incomplete, the specifications are few, and the new products are lacking.
At present, the number of sensor products in China is about 3,000, while the number of foreign countries has reached more than 20,000. The product variety satisfaction rate is only about 60%-70%, which is far from meeting the needs of the domestic sensor market. From the perspective of industry product structure, the proportion of old products accounts for more than 60%, new products are insufficient, high-tech products are less, and digital, intelligent, and miniaturized products are seriously lacking. Overall, the varieties are not matched, the series is incomplete, and the low-end products are more. There are few high-end products and lack of market competitiveness.
2. Poor technological innovation and few products with independent intellectual property rights.
The independent development of enterprises and the ability to innovate in technology are poor. Due to a variety of factors, domestic companies still produce products with low technical content or discontinued products by hand. Many new companies are distributors and agents of foreign products. In most universities and research institutes, high-tech tracking and research and development of high-tech value-added products are still possible, but the results are mostly samples. Industrialization is far away, and there are not many scientific research results that are independently developed and have independent intellectual property rights.
Second, the process equipment is backward and the product quality is poor.
After years of development, although a number of processes and products have been developed, the stability and reliability problems of the batch production process have not been fundamentally solved, which limits the development of its application fields and industries. Some high-performance products are not guaranteed by process. It is by screening bins. From a technical point of view, due to the relative backwardness of domestic sensor production processes and process equipment, micromachining technology and packaging technology are not advanced enough, manual operations are more, detection methods are not standardized, etc., resulting in major performance indicators and foreign 1-2 orders of magnitude difference The service life is 2-3 grades. Therefore, in the major projects of chemical industry, power station, metallurgy, petroleum, environmental protection, machinery and other major cities, many high-performance sensors still rely on imports.
Third, lack of talent resources and insufficient industrial development.
One of the characteristics of sensors and their industries is that they are technology intensive, and because of the intensive technology, they naturally require talent intensive. From the current situation in China, the high level of scientific research team and young and middle-aged science and technology experts, technical management and academic leaders who can adapt to the development needs of today's sensor technology are relatively lacking, which makes the industry's technology update and pace slow, and the industry's development stamina is insufficient.
4. Insufficient overall planning and insufficient investment.
The current problems are repeated decentralization, insufficient overall planning, low investment in scientific research, backward research equipment, and disconnection between scientific research and production, which have affected the transformation of scientific research results and made China's sensor products have lower comprehensive strength. Secondly, due to the government's insufficient attention, in the process of information technology development, the understanding of the importance of sensor technology lags behind computer technology and communication technology. The scale and intensity of resource input for development needs are too small, making the development of sensor technology slow, and constrained. The rapid development of information technology.
China's sensor industry distribution
At present, China's sensor companies are striving to catch up with foreign companies, and there are regional sensor enterprise clusters. The enterprises are mainly concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta region, and gradually form regional spatial layouts based on central cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Shenzhen, Shenyang and Xi'an. .
Yangtze River Delta region: centered on Shanghai, Wuxi and Nanjing. It has gradually formed a relatively complete sensor production system and industrial support including heat sensitivity, magnetic sensitivity, image, weighing, photoelectric, temperature and gas sensitivity.
Pearl River Delta region: mainly in the central city of Shenzhen. The sensor industry system consisting of thermal, magnetic, ultrasonic and weighing is composed of foreign-funded enterprises in small and medium-sized cities nearby.
Northeast China: mainly in Shenyang, Changchun and Harbin. It mainly produces MEMS force sensitive sensors, gas sensors and humidity sensors.
Beijing-Tianjin area: mainly based on universities. Engaged in the development of new sensors, filling gaps in some areas. Beijing has established a national micro/nano laboratory.
Central region: Zhengzhou, Wuhan and Taiyuan. The close combination of production, study and research has developed well in industries such as PTC/NTC thermistors, inductive digital liquid level sensors and gas sensors.
Important application directions for future sensors
From the application field, the four parts of industry, automotive electronics, communication electronics, and consumer electronics are the largest markets for sensors. Sensors in the domestic industrial and automotive electronics sector account for about 42%, while the fastest growing is in the automotive electronics and communications electronics applications market.
Smart cars and driverless are important drivers of MEMS sensor development. In the era of smart cars, a large number of MEMS motion sensors will be used to realize active safety technology: voice will become an important interaction between human and smart cars, and MEMS microphones will usher in new opportunities. The rise of autonomous driving technology has further promoted the entry of MEMS sensors into automobiles. The automotive industry accounts for more than 30% of the total MEMS market. In 2015, the global automotive MEMS industry revenue was $3.73 billion. According to forecasts, the global automotive MEMS market is expected to grow steadily at a compound annual growth rate of 4.2% in the next six years.
In addition, MEMS sensors are also the "heart" of smart factories. At this level, it is a tool for industrial robots to become "magic". It keeps the production process running and keeps workers away from production lines and equipment, ensuring personal safety and health. It is predicted that in the next six years, MEMS is expected to grow rapidly at a compound annual growth rate of 7.3% in the industrial market.
China's sensor industry will follow five major directions in the future:
1. Focus on service areas such as industrial control, automobile, communication and information industry, and environmental protection;
2. Focus on sensors, elastic components, optical components, and special circuits to develop original technologies and products with independent intellectual property rights;
3. With the main goal of increasing varieties, improving quality and economic benefits, and accelerating industrialization, the domestic sensor occupancy rate will reach 70%-80%, and high-end products will reach 60%;
4. Based on the MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) process;
5. Based on integrated, intelligent and networked technologies, strengthen the manufacturing process and the development of new sensors and instrument components, so that the leading products reach and close to the advanced level of similar foreign products.
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