Application scientists, led by Kerry Vahala at the California Institute of Technology, have discovered a new type of soliton wave that follows behind other propagating soliton waves, like a windshield ride on other waves and a wave from other waves Draw energy

A soliton is like a particle-like local wave: as they pass through space, they hold their shape and shape instead of spreading like other waves. They were first proposed in 1834 and discovered by Scottish engineer John Scott Russel that an unusual wave was formed after a sudden barge of barges in the canals between Falkirk and Edinburgh. Russell tracked this waveform one or two miles and pointed out that it kept its shape as it traveled until eventually it disappeared.

He called his discovery "mobile waves," and by the end of the century, the phenomenon was mathematically described and eventually led to the concept of soliton waves. Under normal circumstances, the waves tend to dissipate when they travel through space. Throw a stone into a pond and the ripples slowly disappear as they scatter from the point of impact. The soliton wave will not.

Apart from water waves, solitons can take the form of light waves. Vahala's team investigates solitons and allows solitons to be infinitely recirculated by means of an optical microcavity at a microscale loop. Solitons are used in applications to create high-precision optical clocks and can be used in microwave oscillators for many other applications such as navigation and radar systems.

But despite decades of research, a soliton has never been observed as such an almost parasitic form of dependence.

"In essence, this new soliton is awakened by another soliton on another soliton, and it also siphons energy from other solitons, so it is self-sufficient, and it eventually grows larger than it parasites Master, "said Vahala, Ted and Ginger Jenkins, professor of information science and technology and applied physics, and an executive of materials science and applied sciences in engineering and applied physics.

Vahala compares the newly discovered soliton to a pilot fish, a carnivorous tropical fish that swims around sharks that can pick up shards from sharks' food. And after the shark's tail, parachutes reduce the resistance of their own body of water, so they can swim with less effort.

Vahala is the co-author of this new annotated and published soliton paper published in the journal Nature Physics called the Stokes Soliton ("Stokes" choice because of the technical The reason, that is, the mechanism of this soliton siphon energy) was the first time that new solitons were observed by Yang Qifan and Yi Xu, graduate students at the California Institute of Technology. Due to the soliton's proximity to the shape and position of the original soliton, Yang's initial reaction was to suspect laboratory instrument failure.

"By observing the signals on both spectrometers, we confirmed that the signal was not an instrumental error, and we knew it was true and had to figure out why a new soliton would spontaneously show up," Yang said .

Vahala and his team use microchannels that include a laser input to provide soliton energy. This energy can not be absorbed directly by Stokes' "pilot" fish. Instead, energy is consumed by "shark" solitons. However, Vahala and his team found that the energy was pulled away by the solitary fish of the leader Fish, which grew in size while the other solitons contracted.

"Once we understand the environment needed to create a new soliton, it is actually possible for us to design microcavities to ensure the formation of solitons, even for their properties such as effective wavelength, color, etc.," said Yi.

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