Six Methods for Agricultural Pest Control
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1 Utilization of crop resistance This is the most fundamental and best measure. Host resistance is often the most effective and lasting, and if it is multi-gene resistance, it is difficult for pests to form biotypes to resist plant resistance. For example, Shaanxi Guanzhong promoted “Xinong 6028†wheat varieties against wheat midge and rapidly reduced the pest damage rate from 30% to below 2%. Another example is the mountain Jingzi 67 for grafting apple rootstocks to immunize quarantine pests. North American grapes are the rootstocks grafted to European grapes and have high resistance to quarantine pests, grape nodules. This method used to control the disease in France. In addition, the pests that have been successfully controlled by resistance have also been used internationally to control large pests such as plucked hawksbill, Hessian Mosquito, corn earworm, and rice borer. Indica rice 79122, recultivated indica and indica rice IR4 in our country are moderately resistant to S. indica, Sui 89, Zhejiang Li 1, Pi661020, IR8608821313, IR36, Miryang 54, Shuiyuan 290, Xiangzao 3, Medicinal field Rice, Xiushui 620, Xiushui 664 have single resistance or multiple resistance to brown planthopper, or black leafhopper, white backed planthopper or rice blast disease, bacterial leaf blight, and the like. Breeding of cotton pod borers and cotton bollworms was successful; red rapeseed, Xianyang 74-1, glycerol 5, Huayou 9 , Qinyou 3 and Qinyou 2 rape cultivars were strong against several larvae of rape. Resistance to resistance. There are also reports of other insect-resistant varieties and more resistant varieties. Some of them are immune to one or more pests, have high resistance or show strong resistance. Some of them are only moderately resistant, but they can delay the development of pests, reduce their survival rate and reproduction rate, and are beneficial to synergy with natural enemies in the field. Insect-resistant varieties can often reduce the number of pesticides to help preserve natural enemies. It has been reported that the feeding of insects can induce plants to produce plant defensins against pests, artificial extraction or synthesis of such substances, and application to the fields, is expected to increase the plant's resistance to insects.
Early damage to non-harvested parts of pests often has the effect of promoting plant growth. Attention should be paid to this feature in pest control. For example, the removal of all the early buds before the beginning of July in the cotton area of ​​Anhui Province can reduce the insect source of the first generation of the pink bollworm and receive the effect of reducing or basically controlling the secondary generation of the pink bollworm. In general years in the North China Cotton Region, during the second generation of cotton bollworm, as long as the growth point is maintained, the cotton plant will be able to withstand the loss of buds before the beginning of July and have a compensation function. Another example is that if the Chinese pine tree is eaten by the insect pests, the leaves below 25% will not only harm the environment, but will also stimulate the growth of Chinese pine. The Pinus massoniana is eaten by more than 50% of the leaves, affecting the tree height and diameter growth. Therefore, in the control of pests, crops should be fully utilized for pest resistance and the crop's own compensation.
2 The use of botanical insecticides Historically, peppers, tobacco water, tobacco stem water, nicotine, elderberry liquor or walnut liquor or hop leachate, pyrethrum, pyrethrum, rattan, rattan powder have been used at home and abroad. Rhizome, tartary buckwheat, Chuanxiong, vegetable oil emulsion, turpentine mixture, and paste water are used as plant substances or preparations to prevent pests from sucking mouthparts such as cockroaches, cockroaches, cockroaches, cockroaches, etc., to certain chewing mouthparts.
Recently, studies have also been carried out on bitter buckwheat oil and Chuanxiongsuxin to kill orange claw worms and cabbage worms. Most of these phytochemical insecticides do not kill natural enemies or kill natural enemies. They are safe to humans and animals and do not pollute the environment. High value for tea, vegetables, fruit, medicine and ornamental plants. However, due to limited yields, low dilutions, lower insecticidal rates and sustained effects than chemical insecticides, the development is not rapid. In fact, the primary purpose of pesticides is to change the ratio of benefits to pests, leaving natural enemies, killing as many insects as possible, and leaving some pests as feed for natural enemies. This is a good strategy. Therefore, the rational development and utilization of plant insecticides should not be ignored.
3 Use of insect behavior and habits Insect growth regulators can inhibit the synthesis of chitin from insects, interfere with the normal development of insects, and achieve control of insect pests. For example, artificially synthesized taitaibao, gaifensan, diflubenzuron 1, guildeng, occupant, ailiqike, and kasik, etc., some can kill eggs, embryos, or larvae, and the control objects include armyworms. , Plutella xylostella, Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera littoralis, Indica gracilis, Hyphae elegans, Chlamydia spectabilis, Cassava mealybug, Pterostildae, Japanese pine scorpion, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, houseflies and pupa, etc. Prevention of cotton, vegetables, fruits, ornamental plants, alfalfa, whitefly, aphids, leafhoppers and some lepidopteran pests, have a good effect. It is combined with biological control, insect-resistant varieties and agricultural control to ensure the safety of higher animals without polluting the environment. Insect sex pheromone combined with solar multi-purpose insecticidal lamp can not only monitor the occurrence of pests, but also can be used on the field scale to interfere with the normal mating behavior of pests in order to control insect pests. Examples of the successful use of sex pheromones in the field to interfere with the normal mating of pests include: pink bollworm, pupa, pupa, codling moth, diamondback moth, pear borer, and Egyptian cotton armyworm. At present, China has been widely used in the detection and reporting of insect pests, such as pink bollworms, bollworms, pear borer bugs, sugarcane pollen, and corn borer, and is currently undergoing labyrinth control experiments or demonstrations.
Plants, herbivorous insects, and carnivorous species have chemical information substances that can be used to control pests using interspecies chemical information. The worms secrete plant growth pheromone to make the leaves grow into insects, and skunks release odors to drive away natural enemies. These are known as allelopaths. The locust excretes honeydew to lure predators to feed eggs. This is called kairomone. The odor of pine needles has caused damage to pine locusts, and has also attracted natural enemies to feed on locusts. Cottonseeds contain a large amount of caryophyllene that can cause harm to cotton pests. At the same time, ordinary grasshoppers are used to feed on cotton worms. These are called synergists. Tomatoes release methyl ketone, tobacco releases nicotine, and potatoes release veratrine. These substances can kill or refrain from herbivorous insects and impact natural enemies, which is unfavorable to plants, pests, and natural enemies. From the perspective of breeding crop varieties, we strive to reduce the attractiveness of new species to pests, and to increase the attractiveness of natural enemies to chemical substances. We can envisage the use of biotechnology, genetic engineering, and the integration of certain of these information chemicals into plants and even In the body of predators or parasites, the use of different pheromones interferes with the feeding and reproductive behavior of pests, achieving the goal of controlling pests and diseases and reproducing natural enemies.
The use of insect-sterile techniques to control pests. In the mid-1950s, the United States released a large number of radiation-infertile males on the island of Curaçao in the West Indies. After successful prevention and control of local livestock pests, the wild flies have succeeded. In the late 1980s, Huishui, Guizhou Province, China In the county's more than 30 hm 24 800-plant citrus groves, 150,000 heads of sterile male citrus males were released, resulting in a reduction in citrus damage rate from 7.5% to 0.005%. This shows good results and is conducive to the natural control of pests.
4 Utilization of natural enemies resources Natural control of pests Natural enemies Naturally controlled pests are economically effective and often have continuing effects. In the world, more than 130 kinds of pests have been successfully controlled, of which 115 cases have been successfully used as parasitic natural enemies. In stable ecosystems such as forests, grasslands, orchards and parks, biological control is generally the most effective. The semi-stable ecosystem is also effective, and there are also opportunities for success for annual crops.
Since 1980, China has introduced 225 kinds of natural enemies of pests from abroad, and the reeds have achieved significant results in controlling whitefly in the greenhouse and controlling leafhoppers in the blind. The area of ​​biological control of crop pests in China has reached more than 240,000 hm2. Trichogramma, which controls lepidopteran pests such as corn borer, pine caterpillar and cotton bollworm, has established a semi-mechanized production line for artificial parasitism. It produces 44 million Trichogramma per day and accumulates more than 13 million hm2 in 5 years. In 1991, three provinces in Northeast China used Trichogramma to control 470,000 hm2 of corn borer. Many provinces and counties planted green manure in winter and field, planted beans in field crops, and retained sorghum when harvesting wheat and rice, which is conducive to habitat and feeding by spiders and other natural enemies to facilitate the exodus of natural enemies. To plant grass or leave grass under apple orchard or citrus orchard to increase the richness of ecosystems, to facilitate the propagation of natural enemies such as florets and predators, and to continuously provide natural enemy pest sources to orchards and successfully control the damage of leafhoppers. At present, the use of natural enemies to protect and control pests in rice, wheat, cotton, fruit, vegetables and tea fields has reached 10 million hm2.
China has built Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) factories in more than 10 provinces. The annual production of Bt preparations has increased to more than 4,000 tons in 1991, and the country has used more than 1 million hm2 in the country, preventing Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera. Over 40 pests, including Plutella xylostella, Pieris rapae, Corn Borer, Rice Aphid, Rice Leaf Roller, Wax Sorghum, Soybean Moth, Dendrolimus, Cotton Bollworm, Ulmopsidae, and Moth Pest, it Other organisms are non-toxic. In Africa, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae were used to control aphids successfully. China's Beauveria bassiana has basically industrialized production conditions and has successfully developed 50 billion spores/g of wettable powder. In 1990, Jilin and Liaoning controlled 4 660 hm2 of corn mash. In recent years, more than 10 kinds of insect viruses, including Helicoverpa armigera polyhedrosis virus, Taucioda polyhedrosis virus, Pieris granulovirus, Spodoptera littoralis polyhedrosis virus, and Chaetoceros polyhedrosis virus, have been made into various virus preparations, and their application to control trials has been achieved. More than 60,000 hm2.
The use of entomopathogenic nematodes to control pests is now mainly used to control the habitat of the hidden pests. It is known that 27 species of nematodes inhabit more than 16 species of insects in more than 16 species, with Steinernema and Heterorhabditis common, its The symbiotic bacteria in the body enter the insects with the nematodes, causing the insects to die of septicemia. Nematode hosts are extensive. Can be traced inside the plant to kill pests, harmless to humans and animals and natural enemies. Nematode insecticides have been registered in Europe, the United States and Australia, and have good control effects on some beetles, termites, moths and ants. Our country has introduced pathogens from the fruithopper moth nematode and Phlaphagoptera larvae to prevent and treat Prunus persicae, Echinococcus fuliginea, Phoebe philoxeroides, Psylla moth, Pseudomonas moth, Litchi argenteus in Shandong, Henan, Guangdong and Beijing. And other land-use and borer pests such as Litchi quadricosa, which have been used in the control of apple orchard, have exceeded 7 000 hm2, and they have been tested with Steinernema elegans, which can infest the armyworm, Brassica rapae, and silver grain nights. Important pests such as moths, sunflower pods, diamondback moths, white beetles and potato 28-spot ladybirds. Taishan No. 1 rod-worm nematode can cause peach borer and cotton bollworm to die of septicemia. Recently, pathogenic nematodes have been used to control a total of 680,000 strains of the wood borer moth and the multi-lined leopard moth on ash, casuarina, Chinese wolfberry and hawthorn trees. From 1989 to 1992, the Japanese honeybee was introduced into Japan to control new pests--Pinus konjac, releasing 1.7 million heads of bees, covering an area of ​​more than 250,000 hm2, and achieved good control effect.
5 Comprehensive utilization of agricultural measures Agricultural measures cover a wide range. Technical measures closely related to the prevention and control of agricultural pests include: large-scale unified management of agriculture, rational formulation of agricultural production planning, rational adjustment of crop layout, and proper use of farming methods, etc. Wait.
Large-scale agricultural operations have brought about the effect of controlling pests. After the communeization in 1958, the farmland was contiguously operated on a large scale. The mantle land boundary of small plots together with the overwintering host of the red-spotted spider were eradicated, combined with other methods of comprehensive prevention and control and long-term control in the northern cotton area. At the same time concentrated in the outdoor cold storage of cotton, changing the original single household warm room storage cotton, cotton bollworm in northern China to safely winter conditions, with the insect decline.
Formulate agricultural production plans, and regional governance will fly. The cure of East Asian migratory locusts is closely related to the construction of water conservancy projects and the management of the Haihe River and the Huaihe River. Since the 1950s and 1970s, China has formulated agricultural production plans to govern the Haihe River, harness the Huaihe River, dredge rivers, control the lake water level, drain water, store water, and irrigate the rivers, ditches and rivers, cultivating land and reclamation, afforestation, and expanding paddy fields and dry fields. Planting area, improving farming techniques, transforming the agricultural environment, making it suitable for the flying of natural enemies, eliminating the breeding bases and gaps for laying eggs and breeding of migratory locusts, and carrying out mass and systematic investigations of public opinion and comprehensive prevention and control, and achieving great results. The area cures the purpose of the damage. Recently, the deterioration of the agricultural environment in Hainan Island has become a new area for the migratory locust in East Asia.
It is recommended to restore the original forest vegetation, build water conservancy, increase the multiple cropping index, and cultivate and reclaim wasteland, so as to reconstruct the agricultural environment in which the migratory locusts lay their eggs, and combine the control of pesticides to prevent and control this pest.
The rational distribution of crops prevents cotton diamond drilling and other pests. In the mid and late 1950s, in the Lancang cotton area of ​​Baoshan, Yunnan, for the development of long-staple cotton, the local climate was used to warm the four seasons. Four seasons of cotton were planted. Spring sowing, summer sowing, autumn sowing, winter sowing, and even perennial cotton were planted. Cotton buds, bolls, pests, cotton diamonds, cotton bollworms and many other pests are extremely rich in food factors. They occur in large numbers and are seriously damaged. They fight drugs 17 times a year, and they can only receive a few kilograms of cotton per 667 square meters. From 1960 to 1961, with the consent of the leaders and the farmers, they unified their changes to spring sow cotton one-season cotton cultivation, resumed planting of food crops in other seasons, cut off the food chain of pests, and controlled the pest's harm in one fell swoop.
Use tillage to control pests. Rotation of rice and cotton can worsen the nutritional and living conditions of mono- and hetero-eating pests, promote the healthy growth of crops, and reduce the incidence of wilt disease in cotton fields, cotton aphids, and cotton red spiders. Rice-rice rotation can reduce the occurrence of wheat rot and root rot, and reduce the damage of wheat midge and a variety of underground pests. Similarly, other pests living in the soil can also be treated with saturated irrigation. Cereal crops and soybean rotation can inhibit the occurrence of aphid and soybean borer. Cotton, wheat and wheat intercropping, temporary cropping or intercropping, cotton intercropping or cotton mung bean intercropping, and interplanting in the cotton field as a small number of rapeseed, spring corn, summer maize, etc., to trap natural enemies can protect and reproduce natural enemies and reduce cotton aphids. The damage occurred. When wheat is harvested, sorghum can leave 10% to 50% of natural enemies for interplanting cotton fields.
6 Comprehensive control factors to control pests In Chaoyang County, Liaoning Province, there are many types of plants and natural enemies along the river's backing (including crops), and the occurrence of cotton aphid and cotton bollworm is not serious over the years. This is to prevent insect pests and cotton strains from natural enemy damage to the cotton moth. A wide range of prevention and control standards for disease resistance was formulated. The leaders of the township and villagers negotiated with each other and no control measures were applied to control the disease. As a result, nearly 667 hm2 of cotton fields were not treated without cotton aphid and cotton bollworm. A good situation for the damage. All kinds of farming measures must be taken care not to injure natural enemies, and special attention should be paid to the use of selective insecticides within the system to protect natural enemies by using smear-applied methods such as smearing, brushing, and rhizosphere. When the seedlings, pruning and picking up and destroying fruit, as far as possible from the killing of natural enemies. In the process of light trapping and killing of pests, irrigation of wheat fields, watering or ploughing of green manure fields, harvesting of former crops, handling of straws or extermination of mows, there are a large number of natural enemies that are active or hidden, and they should be properly arranged to avoid killing natural enemies as much as possible and take protective measures. Birds, frogs, lizards, hedgehogs and cockroaches are the masters of catching insects and rats and should do their best to protect them.
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