In the most common surge protector, there is a component called Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) that transfers excess voltage. MOV is composed of three parts: the middle is a metal oxide material, and the two semiconductors are connected to the power supply and the ground wire. These semiconductors have a variable resistance that changes as the voltage changes. When the voltage is below a certain value, the electron motion in the semiconductor will produce a very high resistance. Conversely, when the voltage exceeds this specific value, the electron motion will change, and the semiconductor resistance will be greatly reduced. If the voltage is normal, MOV will be idle. When the voltage is too high, the MOV can conduct a large amount of current and eliminate excess voltage. As the excess current is transferred to the ground through the MOV, the line voltage will return to normal, causing the resistance of the MOV to rapidly increase again. In this way, the MOV only transfers surge currents while allowing the standard current to continue powering the device connected to the surge protector . For example, the MOV acts like a pressure sensitive valve and opens only when the pressure is too high.

Another common surge protection device is a gas discharge tube. These gas discharge tubes function as MOVs. They transfer the excess current from the live line to the ground. This is achieved by using an inert gas as a conductor between the two wires. When the voltage is in a certain range, the composition of the gas determines that it is a bad conductor. If the voltage surges and exceeds this range, the current will be strong enough to ionize the gas, making the gas discharge tube a very good conductor. It conducts current to ground until the voltage returns to normal, and then it becomes a bad conductor.

Both of the above methods use a parallel circuit design that excess voltage flows from the standard circuit to another circuit. The series circuit design suppresses surges. Instead of diverting excess current to another line, they reduce the amount of power flowing through the line of fire. In general, these suppressors store electrical energy when high voltages are detected, and gradually release them later.

Surge protection device (Surge protection Device) is an indispensable device for lightning protection of electronic equipment. In the past, it was often referred to as "arrester" or "overvoltage protector" and was abbreviated as SPD in English. The function of the surge protector is to limit the instantaneous overvoltage that enters into the power line and signal transmission line to the voltage range that the device or system can withstand, or to discharge strong lightning current into the ground to protect the protected device or system. Damaged by impact.

The type and structure of a surge protector varies according to the intended use, but it should at least include a non-linear voltage limiting element. The basic components used for surge protectors are: discharge gaps, gas discharge tubes, varistors, suppression diodes, and choke coils.

(1) Switching type: Its working principle is to exhibit high impedance when there is no instantaneous overvoltage, but once it responds to lightning overvoltage, its impedance will mutate to low value, allowing the lightning current to pass. Devices used for such devices include: discharge gaps, gas discharge tubes, thyristors, etc.

(2) Pressure limiting type: Its working principle is that when there is no instantaneous overvoltage, it is a high impedance, but as the surge current and voltage increase, its impedance will continuously decrease, and its current and voltage characteristics are strongly nonlinear. . Devices used for such devices include: zinc oxide, varistors, suppression diodes, avalanche diodes, and the like.

(3) Shunt type or turbulent type

Shunt type: In parallel with a protected device, it presents a low impedance to lightning pulses and a high impedance to normal operating frequencies.

Turbulence: In series with the protected device, it presents a high impedance to lightning pulses and a low impedance to normal operating frequencies. Devices used for such devices include: choke coils, high-pass filters, low-pass filters, quarter-wave short-circuiters, and so on.

(1) Power protectors: AC power protectors, DC power protectors, switch power protectors, etc.

(2) Signal protectors: low-frequency signal protectors, high-frequency signal protectors, antenna feeders, etc.

   

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