A team led by Cory Dean, an assistant professor of physics at Columbia University, Avik Ghosh, a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Virginia and James Hone, a professor emeritus engineering at Columbia University, Wang Fong-Jen, observed for the first time two electrons in the electrically conductive material Negative refraction occurred at the boundary between regions. This effect was first predicted in 2007, but it has been hard to test empirically. Researchers can now observe this effect in graphene, demonstrating that electrons behave like light in materials of atomic thickness, manipulated by optics such as lenses and prisms. The study, published in the September 30 issue of Science, could lead to the development of new types of electronic switches based on the principles of optics rather than electronics.

"The ability to manipulate electrons as conductive light in a conductive material opens up a whole new way of thinking about electronics," Dean said. "For example, the switches that make up the computer chip work by turning the entire device on or off, which consumes a considerable amount of power." Using a lens to divert electrons 'beam' between the electrodes can dramatically increase efficiency and solve the problem A key bottleneck in faster, more energy-efficient electronics. "

Schematic representation of the propagation path of light as it passes through normal optical media and, in contrast, through a medium capable of generating negative refraction.

Dean added, "These findings may also make it possible to experiment with new probes, such as electronic lenses that make it possible to produce on-chip versions of electron microscopes that have atomic-scale imaging and diagnostic capabilities, and other optical-inspired Devices, such as beam splitters and interferometers, can stimulate new research into the quantum nature of electrons in solid matter. "

Although graphene has been widely explored to support high electron velocities, it is notoriously difficult to cut off the flow of electrons without impairing their mobility. Ghosh said: "Then a very natural idea would be to see if a multi-angle junction could be used to make a strong current cut in graphene, and if that would satisfy us, we'd get a signal that could be used for both analog (RF) and digital Low-power, ultra-fast switching devices that use CMOS electronics, potentially alleviating many of the challenges we face with high energy costs and thermal budgets on the current electronics. "

When moving from one material to another, the light changes direction - or refraction - a process that allows us to use lenses and prisms to focus and steer light. One known as the amount of refractive index determines the degree of bending at the boundaries, which is a positive value for traditional materials such as glass. However, with a clever design, it is also possible to create "metamaterials" that have a negative index of refraction in which the angle of refraction is also negative. "This could have unusual and dramatic results," Hone said. "Optical Metamaterials bring new and extraordinary new technologies, such as focusing super-lenses that can overcome the limitations of diffraction limits and optical cloaks that make objects invisible by bending the light around an object."

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