6 Test methods for soil and plant testing are shown in Annex 10.
7 Field Survey
7.1 Survey Content While sampling in the field, investigate the basic situation in the field. The main investigation records include the crop type, yield level and fertilization level before sampling plots. See Annex 3 for details.
7.2 Investigation Method The survey object is the village team member and the farmer whose land is accompanied by the sample survey.
8 Fertilizer Formula Design
8.1 Fertilizer formula design based on plots Based on the fertilizer formula design of plots, the amount of N, P and K nutrients shall be determined first, then the corresponding fertilizer combinations shall be determined, and the farmers shall be instructed to use the formulated fertilizers or issue fertilizer notification notices. The methods for determining the amount of fertilizer mainly include soil and plant test recommended fertilization method, fertilizer effect function method, soil nutrient abundance index method and nutrient balance method.
8.1.1 Soil and Plant Test Recommended Fertilization Methods This technique combines the advantages of the target yield method, the nutrient abundance index method, and the crop nutrient diagnosis method. For field crops, on the basis of comprehensive consideration of organic manure, crop straw application and management measures, different nutrient optimization control and management strategies were adopted according to the different characteristics of N, P, K, and trace element nutrients. Among them, nitrogen is recommended to carry out real-time dynamic monitoring and precise control based on the nitrogen supply status of the soil and the nitrogen requirement of crops, including the regulation of base fertilizers and topdressing fertilizers; phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are monitored through soil testing and nutrient balance; and trace elements are used for shortages. Corrective fertilization strategy. The technology includes real-time monitoring of nitrogen, constant monitoring of phosphorus and potassium nutrients, and techniques for corrective fertilization of trace elements and nutrients.
8.1.1.1 Nitrogen real-time monitoring and fertilizing technology Determine the nitrogen requirement of the crop based on the target yield, and use 30% to 60% of the required nitrogen as the basal fertilizer. The specific application rate is determined according to the soil total nitrogen content and the local abundance index. Generally, when the total nitrogen content is low, 50% to 60% of the nitrogen requirement is used as the base fertilizer. When the total nitrogen content is medium, 40% to 50% of nitrogen is used as the base fertilizer. When the total nitrogen content is high, 30% to 40% of the nitrogen requirement is used as the base fertilizer. The proportion of 30% to 60% of the basal fertilizer can be determined according to the above method, and verified by the "3414" field trial to establish a local fertilization index system for different crops. In areas with conditions, the soil inorganic nitrogen (or nitrate) can be monitored from 0 to 20 cm before sowing and the amount of basal fertilizer can be adjusted. Among them: soil inorganic nitrogen (kg/mu) = soil inorganic nitrogen test value (mg/kg) × 0.15 × correction coefficient N fertilizer top dressing is recommended based on the diagnosis of the nutritional status of the crop during the key growth period or soil nitrate nitrogen test, which is based on It is the key link to achieve accurate recommendation of nitrogen fertilizer, and it is also an important measure to control excessive nitrogen or nitrogen deficiency, increase nitrogen fertilizer utilization and reduce losses. The test items are mainly soil total nitrogen content, soil nitrate nitrogen content or nitrate concentration at the root of the stem at the jointing stage of wheat, and the latest development of nitrate concentration in the middle of the leaf veins of rice. Rice leaf color or leaf chlorophyll meter is used for rice leaf color diagnosis. Annex 9.
8.1.1.2 Phosphorus and Potassium Nutrient Constant Monitoring Fertilization According to the level of soil available P and K, the (P) P and K nutrient in soil does not become the limiting factor to achieve the target yield, through soil testing and nutrient balance monitoring. So that the soil has a (speed) effect of phosphorus and potassium content within a certain range. For phosphate fertilizers, the basic idea is to classify soil available phosphorus test results and nutrient abundance indicators. When the effective phosphorus level is at a medium-higher level, the target yield requirement (only includes the harvest of the harvested fields) can be 100. % ~ 110% of the amount of phosphorus as the current season; with the increase of available phosphorus content, need to reduce the amount of phosphorus until it is not applied; and with the reduction of available phosphorus, the need to increase the amount of phosphorus appropriate, in the very phosphorus-depleted soil, can Apply 150% to 200% of the required amount. When the soil is measured again in 2 to 4 years, the amount of phosphate fertilizer is adjusted according to the change in soil available phosphorus and yield. Potassium fertilizer first needs to determine whether the application of potassium fertilizer is effective, and then refer to the above method to determine the amount of potassium fertilizer, but need to consider the amount of organic fertilizer and straw brought into the field. General field crops Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers all do base fertilizers. There is a (rapid) effect of phosphorus and potassium tests, and the following analysis method is selected according to specific conditions. General-purpose extractant method: M3-P, M3-K; ASI-P, K; Conventional method: Soil Olsen-P or Bray1-P (acidic soil); exchangeable potassium.
8.1.1.3 The trace element nutrient correction fertilization technology, the content of trace elements in nutrients varies greatly, the crop needs its different. This is mainly related to soil properties (especially parent materials), crop types and yield levels. Soil tests were used to evaluate the abundance of nutrients in soils and trace elements, and targeted corrections for deficiency and deficiency were conducted. In the trace element test, according to specific conditions around the selected one of the following analysis methods. ——General extracting methods: M3-Ca,-Mg,-Zn, -Mn, -Cu, -Fe CB, -Mo; - ASI-Ca,-Mg,-Zn, -Mn, -Cu, - Fe CB, -Mo; - Conventional methods: exchangeable Ca, Mg; DTPA-Zn, -Mn, -Cu, -Fe, soil available boron and molybdenum.
8.1.2 Fertilizer effect function method According to the "3414" program field test results, the fertilizer effect function of the local main crops was established, and the optimum application amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in a region and a certain crop was directly obtained. Fertilization recommendations provide the basis.
8.1.3 Soil nutrient abundance index method Through soil nutrient test results and field fertilizer effect test results, soil nutrient abundance indicators for different crops and regions were established to provide fertilizer formulations. Field tests for soil nutrient abundance indicators can also be implemented using the "3414" part of the implementation plan, as detailed in 4.2.2. Treatment 1 in the "3414" protocol is a no-fertilizer (CK), treatment 6 is a NPK, and treatments 2, 4, and 8 are regions (ie, PK, NK, and NP). After the harvest, the yield was calculated. The percentage of soil nutrients was expressed as the percentage of the total output of the fertilizer in the fertilizer-free region. Soil relative nutrient fraction below 50% is extremely low; relative yield is 50% to 75% low; 75% to 95% is medium; and greater than 95% is high, thus confirming that it is suitable for use in a certain area or crop Soil nutrient abundance indicators and the corresponding application of fertilizers. For other fields in the region, soil nutrients can be measured to understand the abundance of nutrients in the soil, and the corresponding recommended amount of fertilizer is proposed.
8.1.4 Nutrient Balance Method
8.1.4.1 Basic Principles and Calculation Methods According to the difference between the target crop yield and soil nutrient supply, the fertilization amount of the target yield is estimated, and fertilization is used to make up for the part of the nutrient where the soil supply is insufficient. The formula for calculating the amount of fertilizer is: The nutrient balance method involves the five parameters of the target yield, the amount of fertilizer required by the crop, the amount of fertilizer supplied by the soil, the fertilizer utilization rate, and the effective nutrient content in the fertilizer. The amount of soil fertilizer is the amount of crop nutrient absorbed by Treatment 1 in the "3414" program. After determining the target yield, the method for determining the amount of soil fertilizer is different, and two kinds of methods, namely the subtraction of soil fertility and the coefficient of soil effective nutrient correction coefficient, have been formed. The method of subtraction of fertility is a method of calculating the amount of fertilizer based on the difference between the target yield of the crop and the basic yield. The calculation formula is: The basic output is the output of Treatment 1 in the "3414" plan. The soil effective nutrient correction coefficient method calculates the amount of fertilizer by measuring the soil's effective nutrient content. Its calculation formula is:
8.1.4.2 Determination of related parameters - Target production target production can be determined using the average yield method. The average yield method is to determine the target yield based on the average yield per year and the annual increment rate in the first three years of the fertilization zone. The formula is: the target yield = (1 + increasing rate) × the average annual yield of the previous three-year average grain crop growth rate is 10% -15% is suitable, open-air vegetables are generally about 20%, and facilities vegetables are about 30%. ——The amount of fertilizer required by the crop The crop nutrient requirement can be obtained by chemical analysis of the whole plant nutrient of normal mature crops, and the nutrient content required for the economic output of 100 kilograms of various crops (the average nutrient absorbed by the average yield of 100 kilograms of crops). the amount. Required nutrient amount (kg) for target crop yield = - Soil supply amount The soil supply amount can be estimated by measuring the basic yield and the soil effective nutrient correction coefficient. Estimation by basic yield (Treatment 1 yield): No nutrient supply The amount of nutrients absorbed by the crops in the area is used as the amount of soil fertilizer. Soil Fertilizer Supply (kg) = × The nutrient amount required for a hundred kilograms of production is estimated from the soil nutrient correction factor: The soil available nutrient measurement is multiplied by a correction factor to express the soil's “real” fertilizer supply. This coefficient is called the correction factor of soil nutrients. Correction coefficient (%) = - Fertilizer utilization is generally calculated by subtractive method: the nutrients absorbed by crops in the fertilized area minus the nutrient absorbed by crops in the non-fertilized area are subtracted and the difference is regarded as the nutrient component of the fertilizer supply. The nutrient content of the fertilizer used is the fertilizer utilization rate. Fertilizer utilization (%) = The above formula is further illustrated by calculating the nitrogen use efficiency. Fertilizer-Area (NPK) Crop Absorption (Kilograms/Mu): Total Nitrogen Absorption of Crops Treated in the “3414” Program; Absorption of Crops in the Nitrogen-Deficient Region (PK Zone) (Kilograms/Mu): “3414” Total nitrogen uptake of the crop treated in the program 2; fertilizer application amount (kg/mu): fertilizer application amount of nitrogen fertilizer; nutrient content in fertilizer (%): nitrogen content indicated by nitrogen fertiliser applied. If different types of nitrogen fertilizer are used at the same time, the total nitrogen of the different nitrogen fertilizer varieties used should be calculated. - Fertilizer nutrient content for fertilization includes inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers. The contents of inorganic fertilizers and commercial organic fertilizers are indicated by their amounts. The nutrient contents of organic fertilizers with unknown nutrient contents can be obtained by referring to the average content of organic fertilizers of different types in the local area.
8.2 County Fertilization Zoning and Fertilizer Formulation Based on the GPS-based soil sampling and soil testing, comprehensive consideration was given to factors such as administrative divisions, soil types, soil texture, meteorological data, planting structure, crop manure requirements and other factors, with the help of information technology to generate regional The spatial variability of soil nutrients and the partitioning of fertilization in the county area were used to optimize the design of fertilizer formulations in different zones. The main steps are as follows:
8.2.1 Determination of the study area The county-level administrative region is generally a research unit for fertilization partitions and fertilizer formulations.
8.2.2 Soil sample collection under the guidance of GPS positioning Soil sample collection requires the use of GPS positioning. The spatial distribution of the sampling points should be relatively uniform. For example, to collect a soil sample per 100 mu, first determine the sampling position on the soil map, and then mark Multiple mixed soil samples were collected near the location.
8.2.3 Establishment of Soil Test and Soil Nutrients Spatial Database A correlation between soil test data and spatial locations will be established to form a spatial database for analysis in GIS.
8.2.4 Production of Soil Nutrient Zoning Map Based on the index of regional soil nutrient grading, GIS is used as an operation platform, and Kriging method is used to perform spatial interpolation of soil nutrients to create a soil nutrient partition map.
8.2.5 Generation of Fertilization Zoning and Fertilizer Formulation According to the spatial distribution characteristics of soil nutrients, combined with crop nutrient demand law and fertilization decision-making system, county fertilization zoning maps and partitioned fertilizer formulas are generated.
8.2.6 Verification of Fertilizer Formulas Fertilizer formula verification is performed for specific crops within the fertilizer formulation area.
8.3 Notice of Fertilization Notifications for Fertilizers See Annex 4. 9 Rational application of formula fertilizer Based on the balance of nutrient demand and supply, adhere to the combination of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer; adhere to a large number of elements in combination with middle and microelements; adhere to the combination of basal fertilizer and top dressing; adhere to fertilization and other measures Combine. After determining the amount of fertilizer and fertilizer formula, the focus of rational fertilization is to select the type of fertilizer, determine the fertilization period and fertilization methods.
9.1 Formulated Fertilizer Types Fertilizer types can be determined based on comprehensive factors such as soil properties, fertilizer characteristics, crop nutrient characteristics, fertilizer resources, etc. Formulated fertilizers can be formulated by simple substance or compound fertilizer, or can be purchased directly.
9.2 Fertilization Time Apply fertilization according to fertilizer properties and plant nutrient characteristics. The key period for plant growth and absorption of nutrients should focus on fertilization, and areas with irrigation conditions should apply fertilization in stages. For the determination of the recommended amount of nitrogen fertilizer at different stages of crops, real-time monitoring technology should be established and used in the conditional areas.
9.3 Fertilization methods Commonly used methods of fertilization include ploughing after planting, strip spraying, and hole application. The appropriate fertilization method should be selected according to the crop type, cultivation method, and fertilizer properties. For example, nitrogen fertilizer should be deeply applied to soil, and the amount of irrigation water after fertilization can not be large, otherwise it will cause loss of nitrogen leaching; water-soluble phosphate fertilizer should be applied centrally; insoluble phosphate fertilizer should be applied layer by layer or distributed after organic fertilizer is piled up; organic fertilizer is decomposed After appropriating, and deep into the soil.
10 Demonstration and Effect Evaluation
10.1 Field demonstration
10.1.1 Demonstration plan Set 2-3 demonstration sites per 10,000 mu of soil fertigation field and conduct field comparison demonstration. Demonstration sets up two treatments for conventional fertilization control area and soil testing and formula fertilization area, and add a blank treatment without fertilization, in which the soil testing and formula fertilization and the farmers' conventional fertilization treatment are not less than 200 m2, blank (without fertilization) treatment At 30m2. Others refer to general fertilizer test requirements. Through field demonstration, comprehensive comparison of fertilizer input, crop yield, economic benefits, fertilizer utilization and other indicators, objective evaluation of soil testing and fertilizer application benefits, provide basis for the correction of soil testing and fertilizer application technical parameters and further optimization of fertilizer formulations. The field demonstration should include standardized field record files and demonstration reports. The specific records are shown in Appendix 5.
10.1.2 Analysis of Results and Data Collection For each demonstration site, we can use the comparison of yield, fertilizer cost, and production value between the three treatments to analyze from the point of view of yield increase and income increase. At the same time, we can also use the result of soil testing to formulate fertilization yield results. The comparison between the planned output and the parameter verification. The analysis indicators for increasing production and income are as follows:
10.1.2.1 The rate or percentage of the difference between the yield of formulated fertilization and the yield of the control (conventional fertilization or nonfertilization) relative to the yield of the control. Yield increase A (%) = where: A represents the productivity increase; Yp represents the formula fertilization yield (kg/mu); Yk represents the blank yield (kg/mu; Yc represents the conventional fertilization yield (kg/mu).
10.1.2.2 Increasing income can be analyzed in two aspects: One aspect is the increased benefits of soil testing, formulated fertilization, and non-fertilizing treatments. When calculating, the processing value and fertilization cost of each treatment are first calculated based on the processing output, product price, fertilizer dosage, and fertilizer price. Then calculate the net new pure income of formula fertilization compared to the new net gain of the control: increase income (I) = [Yp-Yk (or Yc)] × Py - where: I represents the benefit of soil test fertilization over control (or conventional) fertilization The unit is yuan/acre; Yp represents the yield of formula fertilization by soil testing (kg/mu); Yk represents the yield of blank control (kg/mu); Yc represents the yield of conventional fertilization (kg/mu); PY represents the product price ( RMB/kg); Fi represents fertilizer usage (kg/mu); Pi represents fertilizer price (yuan/kg);
10.1.2.3 Input-output ratio is simply referred to as the ratio of production and investment, which is the ratio of new net income from fertilization to the cost of fertilization. The production-to-investment ratio of formula fertilization and the production-to-investment ratio of conventional fertilization can be calculated at the same time and then compared. Where: D represents production-to-investment ratio; Yp represents the yield of formulated fertilization by soil testing (kg/mu); Yk represents the yield of the blank control (kg/mu); Yc represents the yield of conventional fertilization (kg/mu); PY represents the product price (yuan/kg); Fi represents the amount of fertilizer (kg/mu); Pi represents the price of fertilizer (yuan/kg);
10.2 Farmers' Survey Feedback Farmers are specific users of soil testing and formula fertilization. Analyzing the fertilizer data collected by farmers is an important means for evaluating the effect of soil testing, formulating fertilization and technical accuracy, and it is also the basic approach for feeding back and correcting fertilizer formulations. Therefore, feedback and evaluation of soil testing and fertilizer application by farmers are needed. This work can be organized by the regulatory fertilization management agencies at all levels to carry out independent investigations. The results can be used as one of the basis for evaluating the implementation of formula fertilization, and it is also an important way for social supervision and social advocacy. It can even be used as an assessment of the work level of formula technicians. in accordance with. The specific operation is as follows:
10.2.1 Investigation of Fertigation Data of Farmers
10.2.1.1 Survey and tracking of soil samples Farmers select 30-50 households in each county's main crops, fill in the feedback sheet for farmer's soil testing and fertilization field management records, and leave feedback for analysis of soil testing and formula fertilization. .
10.2.1.2 Farmer household fertilization survey Each county selects about 100 rural households. It is advisable to conduct fertilization surveys of farmers, including soil testing, formula fertilization and conventional fertilization. The survey contents are shown in Annex 7.
10.2.2 Evaluation Method of Soil Testing and Formula Fertilization
10.2.2.1 Soil Testing and Formula Fertilization Farmers and conventional fertilization farmers will evaluate crop yields and benefits.
10.2.2.2 Farmer households before and after soil testing and formula fertilization Comparison of the yield and benefits of farmers before and after soil testing and formula fertilization are evaluated.

For SUMITOMO Cylinder Seal Kit

Maintenance of Sumitomo hydraulic cylinder seals

Daily maintenance and upkeep can effectively solve the sealing problem of hydraulic cylinders, extend the service life of hydraulic cylinders, and improve the work efficiency of construction machinery.
1. Regularly check the wear of the hydraulic cylinder seals, and if severe wear is found, it should be replaced in a timely manner.
2. Clean the hydraulic cylinder seals to prevent impurities such as dust and sand from entering the interior of the seals.
3. Use appropriate hydraulic oil and avoid using expired or non compliant hydraulic oil to avoid damage to the hydraulic cylinder seals.
4. Avoid using hydraulic cylinders under excessive pressure or load to avoid damage to the seals.
5. Regularly check the liquid level and pressure of the hydraulic cylinder to ensure its normal operation and avoid damage to the sealing components due to hydraulic cylinder failures.
6. When the hydraulic cylinder is stopped for a long time, regular maintenance should be carried out, such as applying anti rust oil, to prevent aging or deformation of the sealing components.

For Sumitomo Cylinder Seal Kit, For Sumitomo Center Joint Seal Kit, Sumitomo Center Joint Seal Kit, Sumitomo Bucket Cylinder Seal Kit

Safe Seal Technology Co., Ltd. , https://www.jsspreals.com