The Main Problems and Countermeasures in Spring Wheat Seed Production

Wang Xiulan Xu Yongtai Shen Qingling Zhao Desheng

(Yuzhu County Seed Management Station, Qinghai Province 810500)

Huzhu County is located in the northeast of Qinghai Province, with an average elevation of 2700m. It has no cold winter, no summer heat, and an average annual temperature of 3.5°C. It belongs to the cold and temperate climate of the mainland and is an ideal high-yielding crop production area. The total cultivated area of ​​the county is 59,000 hm2, and the spring wheat planting area is the third largest crop after rape and potato. In recent years, some problems have appeared in the production of spring wheat. The main problems and solutions have been analyzed.

1 The main problems in spring wheat seed production

1.1 Decentralized production

Since the implementation of the household contract responsibility system for joint production, the seed production departments of the counties faced difficulties in unifying the ideological quality and management level. The county’s seed production department has encountered great difficulties in carrying out large-scale centralized and large-scale production. The main implementation is The seed production model of “company-based farmer households”, this decentralized seed production method has brought a lot of trouble to the management of the seed base. This is mainly manifested in the fact that when field inspections are conducted, there are many people in the area, which often results in time-consuming and labor-intensive inspections. It is difficult for Tian to go to miscellaneous fields, and it is difficult to carry out field-by-field field-by-field operations.

1.2 more, chaos, miscellaneous

Due to the spontaneous planting of farmers, the phenomenon of disorderly planting and indiscriminate introduction has still not been effectively curbed, and even some farmers have planted unrefined strains. On the whole, the variety, disorder, and miscellaneous phenomena are still very serious. Together with the unit of each household at the time of harvest, most of them are artificially selected, and it is difficult to effectively control the mechanical mixture. With the sensory acquisition of technicians alone, the quality of seeds cannot be fully guaranteed.

1.3 Low commodity rate

Qinghai is a typical spring wheat production area. Spring wheat has a large amount of seeds and is prone to miscellaneous. At the same time, spring wheat is a one-season crop with a low propagation coefficient and a small production-to-investment ratio, resulting in a low spring wheat product rate. In addition, compared with winter wheat, spring wheat has poor color and processing quality and lacks market competitiveness. Therefore, with the changes in the market economy and the adjustment of crop structure, the production area of ​​spring wheat has also been reduced accordingly, and farmers have left their own Outside of the rations field, they are generally reluctant to use it as the main incision for economic income, which makes it difficult to stabilize the spring wheat seed production area, resulting in difficulties in the acquisition of spring wheat seed varieties.

1.4 Poor quality

In recent years, although Huzhu County has cultivated and introduced a number of spring wheat varieties such as Lantian No. 3, Lemai No. 5, Plateau No. 448, Minhe 853, Jinmai No. 13 and Jimai No. 14, etc. Poor flood control capabilities, purification and resilience measures can not keep up and other factors have been eliminated or the area is reduced year by year. To date, most of the spring wheat varieties still use the “mutually beneficial red” and “arbo” products, which are mainly planted for 20-30 years, due to factors such as stable production and annual rejuvenation. Therefore, the demand of farmers for high-quality, high-yield, high-efficiency and disease-resistant varieties is still very urgent.

1.5 kinds of sexual deterioration

Due to the shortage of funds in the seed sector and the transformation of state-owned farms in the Sichuan-Shui area, the original species production mainly based on the “three-reserve system” is quite effective in improving the purity of spring wheat varieties, but due to its complicated procedures, it has to go through Strains selection, analysis and comparison, mixed breeding three processes, the cost is quite high, the cost of about 22,500 yuan / hm2, and the need to use farmer's land area is also relatively large. Therefore, although the seed base has a large demand for the original species, it can only provide the original species of the main cultivars such as Mutual Aid and Aberdeen. For other species such as the plateau 448, Lemai 5, and Maimai 13, etc. The inability to purify and rejuvenate causes the original and improved varieties of new and improved cultivars to be disjointed, shortening the period of use, and severely degrading the species and failing to fulfill their due role.

2 solutions

First, extensive publicity, raising awareness, comprehensively improving the scientific and technological content of the seed production industry, and increasing the management of the seed base. According to the production pattern of “one township, one industry, one village, one product” in the mutual cropping industry, in the future, the spring wheat seed production industry must combine species divisions, and the same variety should be uniformly planted in different seed production bases according to local conditions. The unified management and harvest, such as Xishan Township Tiejia Village, Yahe Village, Liujiagou Village and other areas all planted “mutual assistance”; Hongyazigou Township was specially planted “Abo”; Hara’s Zhigou Township was mainly “Plateau 448 "Mainly"; Jijiagou Village of Tongchuan Town is mainly planted with "Zhimai No. 13". On the basis of concentrating and consolidating, we will further strengthen the reunification rate, the selection rate and the coating rate of seeds. When harvesting, try to prevent mechanical mixing and manual mixing, so as to increase the yield potential and quality of the varieties.

The second is to reduce the cost of seed wheat and increase output efficiency. Strengthen contacts with agricultural machinery promotion departments, and in accordance with the principle of combining agronomy and agronomy, actively promote dry-fertilization, fertilization, and sowing techniques, and fine-seeding techniques. Based on the characteristics of the varieties and the characteristics of the local soil and climate, they can rationally manage fertilizers, promote control and integration, and establish a reasonable group. The structure fully exerts the potential for yield increase of tillers and panicles and grain weight, thereby further reducing the cost, increasing the enthusiasm of farmers to propagate spring wheat, and further expanding the supply rate of improved varieties of spring wheat.

The third is that the seed breeding should take the county seed department as the leader and the county, township (town) and village three levels to implement the target management responsibility system. The seed department is responsible for introducing new varieties, conducting trials and demonstrations, screening out the heading varieties, collocations, and succession varieties suitable for cultivation in different local cultivation conditions and environments, and is responsible for technical guidance; the township (town) and village levels should be based on the county seed sector. Seed and technology provided, do a good job of “three-reserve system” to purify and rejuvenate the work, so that the original species and improved varieties can be linked to each other to prevent the species from degrading and intermingling in order to meet the needs of the county's farmers for various types of species.

The fourth is to raise funds from multiple sources, increase government support, speed up the introduction of new varieties, test demonstrations and extensions, and do a good job in the purification and rejuvenation of collocation varieties and succession varieties, so that the seed production will form a good cycle.

The fifth is to perfect the field inspection and indoor inspection procedures for the production of crops, and to ensure that the seeds are checked. Prevent, report and improve functions, so that seed purity can be monitored from species to receipt and prevention to prevent hybrids from entering the warehouse and causing unnecessary losses.

2 The gap between China's seed market and mature market

China's seed industry is still at the initial stage of development. Compared with foreign mature seed markets, there are still many gaps.

2.1 The level of integration education, education, and promotion is still low

In the period of planned economy, China's implementation of the state-owned scientific research unit breeding system and the state-owned seed company management system formed a situation in which breeding resources are highly concentrated in state-owned scientific research units. At the same time, there are numerous breeding units, and fragmentation has also resulted in relatively scattered breeding resources.

At present, China's breeding resources are still mainly concentrated in state-owned scientific research institutions, and seed enterprises mainly focus on production and sales. The level of corporate scientific research investment is relatively low. The profit of seed companies is mainly used for production, marketing network expansion, dividends and other aspects. The methods for enterprises to obtain varieties are mainly the purchase of varieties and cooperative research and development. The development of seed enterprises lacks stable varieties of support, and the increase in the core competitiveness of seed companies is still in a state of absence.

Most of the small and medium-sized seed companies have not yet established a stable production base. The seeds they sell are not only unsatisfactory in quantity but also difficult to guarantee quality. For example, in the main province of Gansu Province where corn seed is produced, about 40% of the production is for generations. The establishment of an entity by a scientific research institution is difficult to achieve a large-scale operation because of restrictions on institutional arrangements and market constraints.

2.2 The oversupply of the industry has become one of the features of the market operation

Although the industry concentration of seed industry in China has improved, there are still many small and medium-sized seed companies. Large companies have strong seed production and sales planning, and they have strong ability to regulate production and sales balance. However, for small and medium-sized seed companies, due to different periods of crop seed production and sales, coupled with poor production and sales information, there is a clear game in the production of these companies. Color, blind production will inevitably be excessively competitive. In recent years, the corn and rice seed supply market has performed particularly prominently. In addition, the increase in the number of approved products and the speed of entering the market have also aggravated the market supply and demand inconsistencies.

2.3 Market Order and Industry Law Enforcement Management Urgently Needs Strengthening

Under the conditions of a socialist market economy, the establishment of a unified, open, competitive and orderly, fair and equitable market environment is the basic guarantee for cultivating industrial harmony and stable development. The "Opinions" of the State Council also clearly requires that the institutional barriers that affect fair competition in the seed market be eliminated and that fair competition be promoted among seed companies.

The fine seed subsidy policy as a government's policy of benefiting the farmer reflects the government's concern for the peasants. However, due to deviations in the specific implementation process, some problems have arisen in the selection of varieties, the positioning of buyers, and the fairness and fairness of operations. These problems may affect the healthy and harmonious development of the seed market order that has been initially established. Injury to the agricultural industry itself should arouse the attention of the relevant departments.

The excessive administrative power of the government, especially the local government's excessive search for market economic administrative power, has led to the prevalence of localism protection and hindered the development and establishment of large-scale agricultural enterprises.

Large-scale seed companies mainly promote the cultivation of large varieties of species, farmers have high awareness, and therefore often become the main object of counterfeiting. The effectiveness of enterprise rights protection mainly depends on the support of the law enforcement agencies in the areas where the infringement is located. However, some local governments protect the interests of local seed companies by protecting the infringing units and administrative omissions. The infringement of seeds not only has an impact on hot-selling fine varieties, but also has become a destabilizing factor for agricultural production in local regions.

3Innovation and development, improve the competitiveness of enterprises

Under the conditions of market economy, the seed industry development is rooted in the development of seed enterprises, and the goal of enterprise development is that large enterprises become the support of the industry. From the mature seed markets in foreign countries, we can see that the competitiveness of a national seed industry is mainly reflected in the level of development of seed enterprises. In order to improve the competitiveness of the seed industry in China, it is necessary to further improve the seed industry management system and market environment, and at the same time, strive to improve the competitiveness of seed enterprises with scientific research as the core. The integration of seed industries in the future will be mainly reflected in the seed companies’ research resources. Reorganization and foreign seed capital restructuring of the domestic seed industry resources.

3.1 Enterprises Should Become Main Body of Technological Innovation

Having varieties of intellectual property rights is an important manifestation of the core competitiveness of seed enterprises. Variety is the leader of the integrated operation of “producing, multiplying, and pushing”. The competition among mature seed companies is essentially variety competition, and the competition of varieties is essentially scientific research. Competition, the strengthening of the breeding ability of seed companies is also related to the improvement of the overall competitiveness of the seed industry in China.

The world's largest seed companies have established scientific research systems throughout the world, and a huge research system and investment are the guarantee for maintaining and developing their core competitiveness. At the same time, under the support of its large-scale integrated scientific research system, large-scale seed industry enterprises also carried out trials on the suitability of varieties at the same time in the selection and breeding phase of the varieties, and relatively controlled the problem of inadequacy in the production of a large number of validated and registered varieties.

The seed industry consists of three stages: breeding research, seed production, and sales and marketing. The development of a truly modern seed industry enterprise depends on these three links. Any design or idea that forms an internationally competitive seed company that is hoped for in three links is unrealistic because it will always be unstable and will not be able to exert the maximum efficiency of resources. On this issue, we always have contradictory conclusions on different occasions and positions, rather than always standing at the point of developing and enhancing China's seed industry competitiveness.

The "Outline for the Development of Agricultural Science and Technology (2001-2010)" issued by the State Council has formulated a reform plan for classification and reform of agricultural research institutes, which specifies that "all levels of governments must create a favorable environment for development, and gradually enable qualified scientific research institutions, such as seeds, Institutions that develop technologies such as chemical fertilizers, flowers, feed, pesticides, and agricultural products are generally transformed into companies or enterprises."

Some literature points out that it is roughly estimated that 30 years after the reform and opening up, researchers and research funding related to breeding and breeding accounted for about 60% of agricultural research in China, and about 60% of agricultural research facilities were built for breeding.

At the same time, due to the agricultural science and technology system under the planned economic system and its unique technology incentives and incentives, agricultural research is more about the individual behavior of researchers, and small-scale duplicate research is very serious. The market-oriented development of varieties further stimulated the small-scale research of various subjects. Small-scale and repeated research is one of the main reasons for the current excessive variety and excessive use of varieties.

To this end, the government should take measures to guide policy and urge the government and non-government to have relatively clear division of labor in investment in agricultural science and technology so as to ensure that non-government investment will not be affected by government investment within its selective range. So as to ensure that the proceeds of scientific research investment are completely in the market competition and adjustment atmosphere.

The commercialization and enterprise transfer of agricultural science and technology will promote the market mechanism to play a role in agricultural science and technology, thereby facilitating the horizontal adjustment of the industrial structure (that is, the process of integration and merger), accelerating the formation of powerful and large-scale enterprises, and ensuring that enterprises have continuous and stable technology. The ability to invest in the rapid expansion of the scale of research, continuously updated its technology products, enhance market competitiveness. The key is whether we can eliminate various obstacles and unswervingly advance this adjustment quickly to realize the marketization and transfer of various scientific and technological resources. This is the basic guarantee for enhancing the international competitiveness of our seed industry.

3.2 Gradually improve the technical service system of seed enterprises

Crop planting is a systematic project. Variety is a key factor, but the actual performance of varieties is inseparable from cultivation techniques, management, and fertilization. This requires that seed companies not only provide excellent varieties, but also provide matching technologies. service. With technical competition reaching certain conditions, technical services will be transformed into the main content of competition.

Our small-scale farmers planting, farmers buy seed and scattered huge amount, its poor ability to identify species, low awareness of the brand; Chinese enterprises generally take two seed marketing distribution model, sales of chain length, seed companies is difficult Directly face the end consumer. This situation restricts the quality of the technical services provided by seed companies, and also increases the cost of enterprise technical services.

To improve the technical services of seed enterprises, the first is to expand service areas and projects, strengthen the matching of services, improve technical guidance and follow-up services, provide technical support for growers in multiple directions, and second, establish an effective information transfer system between enterprises and growers. Third, it is necessary to improve the division of labor among enterprises, distributors, and social technology services.

3.3 Realize the transformation from variety management to brand management

As the advantage of seed enterprises’ technological competitiveness still needs to be formed, at present, the selection of seeds for farmers in China still takes varieties as their primary priority. Seed companies ignore brands and chase new varieties. Counterfeit infringement and exaggerated propaganda are commonplace. One of the reasons for the variety and chaos is that farmers are at a loss as to how to deal with dazzling propaganda and many types of chaos.

Chinese seed industry must form real market competition and must realize

This kind of business changes to brand management.

The brand is the external performance of the company's competitiveness. It is a comprehensive reflection of the varieties of seed companies, the quality of products, and the level of technical services. The creation of a brand can only be established by firm and solid work. With the development of the seed industry in our country, the competition focus of future seed companies will shift from variety to brand.

The creation of a seed brand is a systematic project that requires a long-term cultivation process. While improving the scientific research capabilities of seed companies and improving technical services, the current need to focus on seed quality work, further improve the seed production base, improve the level of processing equipment, strengthen quality control measures, improve the company's internal quality control standards, and gradually introduce conditions Seed grading system. In short, through the improvement of seed quality, establish a good reputation relationship between enterprises and farmers, distributors, and gradually establish a seed brand.

3.4 Expanding Foreign Cooperation

Looking at the current development of the world seed industry, seed industry in today's world exhibit highly concentrated industry, the increasing scale of business, mergers and acquisitions become the development direction of the enterprise, to large-scale seed companies, groups, international development, this trend is still Increasingly. With the development of economic globalization and the deepening of opening to the outside world, China's seed enterprises will surely integrate into international competition.

With the improvement of the seed market environment in China, the pace of foreign companies entering the Chinese market will further accelerate, and the competitive situation facing domestic seed companies will also become more severe. At present, China take on grain, cotton, oil seeds restrictions on foreign investment policy, coupled with some comparative advantage in large seed localization business sales network and production bases aspects, it also brings new opportunities for Chinese enterprises to expand foreign exchanges.

Foreign cooperation should not only be the introduction of foreign funds, but should focus on improving scientific research capabilities, introducing advanced foreign scientific research management, breeding techniques, and strengthening the exchange of breeding materials.

At the same time, external cooperation should not only consider the output of one-way and only products. China's industrial capital and enterprises should have the determination and perseverance to go abroad and actively participate in international seed industry competition. India United Phosphorus Ltd. The acquisition of Advarlta, an internationally renowned seed company, may give us a lot of thought.

The seed industry is the source of agriculture. Continuously improving the market competitiveness of China's seed industry will effectively improve China's comprehensive agricultural competitiveness. China's seed industry is still in its infancy and its development potential is huge. We believe that with the support of government policies and through the joint efforts of industry colleagues, China's seed industry will enter the fast lane of development.

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