Potassium Efficient Utilization in Soil-Crop-Fertilizer System
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In order to investigate the supply of potassium in farmland, the Soil and Fertilizer Research of the Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences used potassium nutrition as the main line of research, using “soil-crop-fertilizer†as the overall system, using the viewpoint of nutrient resources, ecological balance theory and advanced and recommended fertilization at home and abroad. Methods and techniques, from different levels and perspectives, have studied the characteristics and high-efficiency economic utilization of the centralized potassium resources in sustainable agricultural development, and have made breakthrough progress, providing strong support for the advancement of soil testing and fertilizer application.
The Soil and Fertilizer Institute of the Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences collected more than 1,000 soil samples from the province. The experimental analysis showed that the soil potassium resources had undergone major changes and the average soil available potassium content was 102.6.
The mg/kg, which was 30.4 mg/kg lower than the result of the second soil survey in 1985, decreased by 22.8%. Among them, the two soil types of Shajiang black soil and Chao soil have the largest decline. The average content of slow-acting potassium in soil was 863 mg/kg, which was a drop of 55 mg/kg compared with 1980-1982, a decrease of 6.0%. The total potassium content of the soil was 17.2 g/kg, with a decrease of 10.4%. Both of them were significantly lower than the decline of the available potassium, indicating that the potential for supplying potassium was higher. Among the different soil types, the potash kaolin, clay mud soil and red clay have the strongest potassium fixation ability.
Before 1978, potassium input was entirely dependent on organic fertilizer, followed by chemical potash fertilizer investment. By 1997, fertilizer potassium fertilizer accounted for 41.9% of total potassium application. However, in the total amount of fertilizer, the proportion of potash fertilizer is still not high, accounting for 9.9% of the total amount of fertilizer. Henan Province is rich in organic fertilizer resources, but its utilization is not high, but there is great potential for tapping potassium resources in organic fertilizers.
The investigation of farmland nutrient balance and long-term location monitoring showed that the potassium of farmland ecosystem in Henan Province has always been in deficit. In 1991-1997, the average potassium return rate in the province was about 53.3%, and the deficit amount per year was 5.5kg. Under the condition of not applying organic fertilizer, the wheat-maize rotation system in the yellow-hot soil requires 18 kg K2O per acre per year at least, and 13.3 kg K2 O is needed for the wheat-pearl rotation system in shajiang black soil to maintain potassium balance. The position of wheat-corn rotation in yellow cinnamon soil shows that as long as the organic fertilizer applied has high quality, it can basically maintain the balance of potassium.
In addition, through surveys and experiments, the relationship between soil intrinsic potassium release rate and non-exchangeable potassium release rate and soil potassium supply capacity has also been clearly defined. The method for evaluating soil potassium supply capacity has been improved, and it is confirmed that mineral potassium is important for long-term soil potassium supply capacity. The contribution reveals the intrinsic link and difference between the adsorption and potency of potassium on the soil. It has important reference value for the evaluation of soil potassium status in northern China and the reasonable distribution and application of potash fertilizer.
The potash fertilizer effect in Henan Province experienced three stages of ineffective-micro-significantly-significantly. Each stage takes about 10 years.
From the perspective of crop types, the effects of vegetable crops> economic crops> food crops; from soils, shajiang black soil> fluvo-aquic soil> cinnamon soil. Different types of crops have great differences in potassium absorption capacity. Oil crops need more potassium than food crops. There is also a certain difference in potassium absorption and utilization efficiency among different wheat lines.
Based on the investigation and research, the Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences recommended the application of potash fertilizer to wheat and corn using the fertilizer effect function method, and obtained the optimum potassium application rate under different fertility conditions. Among them, potassium is distributed under the wheat-maize rotation system, and one-time application of wheat or wheat at the end, and the effect of semi-application of each corn are similar; while the wheat-soybean rotation system is preferably applied to wheat at one end. From the point of view of different application periods of single-crop crops, it is better to use one-time bottom dressing for summer soybeans, but there is no significant difference between one-time and bottom-harvest for winter wheat and summer maize.
According to the characteristics of potassium nutrient resources and the recommended potassium application technology, the effects of potash fertilizer for different crops on different soil types were combined with the regional planning of Henan Province. Potassium fertilizers were rationally divided into five districts and 12 subregions for recommendation. Potassium. And in the production of large-scale promotion, 6 years in the province's 27 counties and cities cumulative demonstration of 21.9 million mu, total production of grain, cotton, oil 98550 million kilograms, net value of 424980000 yuan.
Experiments have shown that after the application of potash fertilizer, the utilization rates of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers increased by 5.6% - 9.7%, thereby reducing the nitrogen fertilizer on groundwater pollution, but also to improve the quality of the crop. At the same time, a number of peasant technicians and model households have been trained for local farmers in the process of experiment promotion. This has given farmers in the promotion region a new understanding of soil testing and formula fertilization, which has laid a solid foundation for the implementation of this scientific fertilization method.