The main problems and countermeasures faced by the current floating population in China - based on the sixth national census in 2010
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The main problems and countermeasures faced by China's current floating population are based on the analysis of the sixth national census data in 2010. Duan Chengrong, Lu Lidan, Zou Xiangjiang, based on the latest national census data and other relevant data, the article on the current China The main characteristics of the development of the floating population and the main problems faced were analyzed and summarized, and countermeasures and suggestions for solving the problems were proposed. According to the analysis, the current floating population in China shows that the scale continues to grow rapidly, the liquidity is weakened, the familyization process has completed the second phase and the transition to the third phase has begun. The flow is still concentrated in the coastal areas but has shown a decentralized trend, the new generation. The floating population has gradually become a main feature of the floating population; the increase in unemployment faced by the floating population, the lack of social security, education of children, and social integration are major problems in the current and future periods. The floating population will take root in the city and exist in large numbers. Relevant laws, policies and systems should be based on this, pay attention to the children of the new generation and the floating population, attach importance to improving the welfare of the floating population, and accelerate the construction of the social security system for the floating population.
100872; Lu Lidan, Zou Xiangjiang, Ph.D., School of Social and Population, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872. * This article was supported by the funds and data of the Population Census Office of the State Council and the Population Division of the National Bureau of Statistics.
The results of the sixth national census in 2010 (hereinafter referred to as the “Six Pu†show that China’s floating population reached 221 million people (National Bureau of Statistics, 2011). Large-scale floating population is making a major contribution to the country’s social and economic development. The survival and development of themselves and their families have also been greatly improved. However, the current floating population in China still faces many problems, and they have practical difficulties in employment, medical treatment, settlement, and enrollment of children. State Council, 2006).
The party and the government attach great importance to the resolution of the floating population problem. The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to "accelerate the reform of the household registration system, promote the urbanization of the population transfer population in an orderly manner, and strive to achieve full coverage of the permanent population of urban basic public services." To solve the problem, we first need to have an accurate grasp of the problem, especially for the floating population in the process of rapid changes. In order to effectively solve the problem of floating population, this paper analyzes and summarizes the main characteristics and major problems of the current development of China's floating population based on the latest Liupu data and other relevant data and relevant research results of relevant departments and institutions, and proposes solutions. Policy advice for the problem.
1 At present, the main characteristics of China's floating population have gone through more than 30 years. China's floating population has undergone important changes in terms of scale, structure, distribution, and causes. It has gradually demonstrated sustained and rapid growth in scale. The population is growing rapidly. From 1982 to 2005, in just over 20 years, China's floating population has grown from 6.57 million to 147 million (see), with an average annual growth rate of 14.5%. Such rapid growth is unprecedented.
In the five years before Liupu in 2010, China's floating population continued to maintain rapid growth, with a growth rate of 49.99% in five years and an average annual growth rate of 8.4%. In this context, the visibility of the floating population (see Duan Chengrong for details) Yang Wei, 2009a) Lu Gaopan, from less than 1% in 1982 to 16.5% in 2010, the floating population can be seen everywhere, becoming one of the most prominent features of China's population development.
~2010 China's floating population size ~ 2000 The size of the floating population was calculated by Duan Chengrong and other data from 1982 to 2000 national census and 1% population sampling survey, cited by Duan Chengrong, Yang Wei, Zhang Fei, Lu Xuehe. Nine trends in the movement of China's floating population since the reform and opening up. Population Research, 2008; data for 6.205 is taken from the National Bureau of Statistics. The main data bulletin of the 2005 National 1% Population Sample Survey. The 2010 data is taken from the National Bureau of Statistics. The main data bulletin for the sixth national census in 2010 (No. 1).
In 2010, the average time for migrants to leave their homes in Hong Kong reached 4.5 years, the same indicator as the national 1% population sample survey in 2005, and the average time for migrants to live in inflows during the fifth national census in 2000. "Comparatively.
Considering the rapid growth of China's floating population and the large-scale increase of new members in the recent period, maintaining this stability of average flow time will inevitably mean that the early floating outflows will stay in the inflow area for a long time, and more and more The longer it is.
The census data does not provide specific time information for migrants who have been out of the flow for more than 6 years. However, according to the National Population and Family Planning Commission’s 2011 National Population Dynamic Monitoring Data, all migrants account for more than 5 years of inflow. The proportion reached 37.45%, of which 15.41% were for more than 10 years, and 4.97% for those over 15 years. According to the estimation of the size of the national floating population, the number of floating population who lived in the inflow area for more than 5 years reached 82.93 million, and those who lived for more than 10 years reached 3412. Ten million people have lived for more than 15 years and reached 11 million.
From another perspective, among the 70.73 million floating population who have gone out in 1995, 15.5% were still in the “flowing†state by 2010; among the 102 million floating population who had flowed out in 2000, by 2010. Those who are still out of the flow account for 33.3%. The floating population has always been stressed about its “liquidityâ€, and people are accustomed to believe that the floating population has no place to live. There are indeed frequent flows in the floating population, but according to our survey and analysis, it is only a minority. Whether it is the migrant population as a whole or the new generation of migrants who have entered the labor market in recent years, most of them live relatively stable. . Our survey in Beijing in 2006 found that the average number of cities inhabited by migrants was only 1.56 (Zhen Zhenwu, Duan Chengrong, Bi Qiuling, 2007). Recently, our survey of the number of cities in the new generation of floating population in the country shows that 70.3% of people have only moved to one city, 18.32% have only changed one city, and 6.83% have only been replaced. In two cities, there are very few people who have changed three or more cities (only 3.77%). In other words, the floating population is not as erratic as people think. “They are actually stable occupants and stable workers in the cities that flow into the cities. If the floating population at the beginning of reform and opening up is indeed If there is a phenomenon of frequent mobility to a certain extent, the current "liquidity" of the floating population is getting weaker and weaker, and their residence and employment in the inflow area are relatively stable.
The second phase of the process of population mobility and familyization has been completed, and the third phase has begun. When the family members living together have included two generations or three generations, the floating population has clearly left the state of being single-handed and entered the world. Wife belt, carrying the old and the young and the common state of flow. According to the calculation of the Six Pu data, the two-generation households and the three-generation households accounted for 38.52% of all migrant households, respectively. 04%. Most of the migrants in the households also flow with the same spouse or brothers and sisters. The only ones who flow alone account for 26.76% of the households. The family characteristics of the floating population are very obvious.
The process of family flow of population movement has roughly four stages: the first stage, the single individual going out of the flow stage. The floating population uses the slack season to go out to work, and the short-distance flow is the main. Most of the young and middle-aged migrants go out alone, still go home during the busy season, and do not leave the family life; the second stage, the couples move together. With the expansion of the scope of mobility, cross-provincial and inter-regional mobility has become the main body, and the floating population has basically separated from agricultural production. In many families, both husband and wife are out of work and business, and their children are left to the grandparents or other relatives at home. The third stage, core family stage. The young and middle-aged migrant population will gain a foothold in the field, and if the economic conditions permit, arrange for their children to move in and live and study in the inflow place; in the fourth stage, expand the family stage. After the nuclear family stabilized in the inflow, the young and middle-aged migrant population further included parents in the consideration of the move.
At present, the vast majority of married and floating population in China's young and middle-aged population flows together. Among their underage children, 36 million have followed their parents to the city, and the remaining 61 million have stayed at home. It can be clearly seen that the process of familyization of population movement in China is in the process of transition from the second phase to the third phase.
It is still concentrated in the southeast coastal areas, but the trend of decentralization is obvious. In 2005, the inflow distribution of China's floating population experienced an obvious centralization process, and the floating population flowed more and more concentrated to coastal cities (Duan Chengrong, Yang Lan , 2009b). As of 2010, the general trend of the floating population mainly to the eastern coastal areas remains unchanged. In 2010, the eastern region absorbed 56.86% of the total floating population in the country; among the eight major economic sectors in the country, the southern coastal region and the eastern coastal region accounted for 40.77% of the total floating population (see Table 1).
At the same time, in recent years, with the continuous development of measures such as the development of the western region, the rise of the central region, the revitalization of the northeast, and the continuous transfer of coastal industries to inland areas, the development of the central and western regions has accelerated markedly, with respect to population and labor. The attraction is increasing, and the distribution of the flow of people in China is gradually decentralized. In 2010, the spatial distribution concentration index of the floating population (see paragraphs Cheng Chengrong and Yang 03% for details, which is 7 percentage points lower than that in 2005. In the same period, the share of the floating population in the eastern region decreased from 64.56% to 56.86%, down 7.7. Percentage points, while the western region increased by 4.4 percentage points, and the central region increased by 3.3 percentage points. From the share of the floating population of the eight major economic sectors in the country, the share of the southern coastal and eastern coastal areas was the highest (respectively 20.91% and 19.86%), but both are lower than in 2005 (see Table 1), while the “attractiveness†in the central and western regions (see Duan Chengrong, Yang Lan, 2009a) is on the rise, the middle reaches of the Yellow River, the Southwest, the Yangtze River. The attraction in the middle and north coastal areas increased, and the share increased respectively. The floating population absorbed by the eight major economic sectors accounted for the proportion of the country's floating population. The northeastern coastal areas of the northeastern part of the northwestern part of the Yellow River in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Regional total source: According to the data of the Sixth and 2005 national 1% population sample survey, at the same time, we have to By the way, some central cities that absorb a large number of floating populations continue to be the “magnetic poles†that attract migrants and receive more and more floating population. In Beijing, for example, the proportion of migrants absorbed by Beijing in the country’s floating population In 1982, 2.4% increased year by year to 3.17% in 2005, and further increased to 3.19% in 2010. The flow distribution of the floating population is decentralized, but at the same time, a few super-large cities that attract particularly large floating population will continue to attract more. This is likely to become a trend in the future. When analyzing and judging the trend of the floating population in a single city, special attention needs to be paid to this situation.
The new generation of migrants has more than half of the floating population as a group, and its internal structure is undergoing important changes, the most striking of which is the dramatic increase in the size of the new generation of migrants and the substantial increase in their share. According to the Six Pu data, the new generation of migrants born after 1980 has exceeded half of the floating population, accounting for 53.64% of the total floating population, an increase of 13 percentage points over the corresponding proportion in 2005. Based on this estimate, the size of the new generation of migrants has reached 118 million. The new generation of floating population has become the main body of China's floating population.
2 The main problems facing the current floating population in China In 2006, the State Council's “Several Opinions on Solving the Problem of Migrant Workers†made a comprehensive summary of the problems faced by migrant workers and migrants, including employment, income, wage arrears, labor contracts, Nearly 20 aspects of labor protection, work injury death, social security, medical care, labor training, children's education, family planning, rights protection, and housing. In the past few years, these problems have not changed fundamentally, and some have not changed substantially.
Among the above-mentioned many problems, we believe that the problems of rising unemployment, lack of social security, education of children, and social integration are the main problems of the current and future period. They need to be given priority attention and attention, and actively resolved.
Unemployment of the mobile workforce is worthy of attention. With the continuous advancement of China's urbanization process, the agricultural household registration mobile labor has become an indispensable part of the urban employment market, but their unemployment has not been taken seriously. Previous studies have suggested that migrants have more employment opportunities, lower wage requirements, and greater liquidity, so there is no unemployment problem for migrants. Many policy makers and researchers also often assume that the mobile workforce is the employed population; even if they are unemployed, they will return to rural farming, so unemployment is basically non-existent for the floating population (labor). But this situation has changed a lot since the beginning of the new century. First, the land expropriation in the process of urbanization has made many farmers have no land to grow. There are more than 40 million migrant workers in China who have lost their land. They have no way to make a living except to work in the city. Second, even if there is land in the countryside, it is difficult to maintain a livelihood by farming. The income of labor has become the most important source of income for rural families. The cultivated land has become a ration field, and it is difficult to maintain the daily expenses of a rural family.
As a result, unemployment has gradually become an important issue for migrant workers. In Wupu, 2000, the unemployment rate of migrant workers was 2.74% (Zheng Zhenwu, Duan Chengrong et al., 2006). In recent years, the unemployment rate of the mobile workforce has further increased. According to our calculation of Chongqing Liupu data, the unemployment rate of the mobile labor force in the city reached 3.96%. The unemployment problem of the mobile labor force, combined with the fact that they basically have no unemployment insurance, not only has a significant impact on their personal and family life, but also The stability of the city and the entire society will become an increasingly big challenge.
The participation of floating population in social security in the current place of residence is not optimistic. Most migrants are still excluded from social safety nets. Social insurance is an important social safety valve and plays an important role in modern social life. However, from the current situation, it is not ideal for migrants to participate in social security in their current places of residence. According to the national 1% population sample survey data in 2005, 72.82% of the national floating population did not participate in any social insurance (Duan Chengrong, Yang Lan, 2009b). Six Pu did not collect information on social insurance.
However, according to the information of relevant departments, the situation of China's floating population participating in social insurance is still not optimistic. According to the 2011 National Mobile Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey, 5% of working-age migrants still did not participate in work-related injury insurance, 95% did not participate in unemployment insurance, and 85% did not participate in urban basic pension insurance (National Population and Family Planning Commission, Mobile Population Service Management Division, 2012). According to the 2011 data released by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, only 16.38% of migrant workers participate in basic pension insurance, only 9.46% participate in unemployment insurance, and only 18.36% participate in medical insurance (national human resources) And the Ministry of Social Security, 2012).
The preschool and high school education of migrant children faces enormous challenges. It is imperative to solve the problem of migrant children moving to the high school. Many surveys show that the education of migrant children is the main factor affecting the stable living of migrants in cities and towns.
At present, compulsory education for children of floating population has been basically guaranteed, but the results of the Six Pups show that 2.94% of the children of the age of compulsory education are still unable to receive compulsory education in accordance with the provisions of the Compulsory Education Law, and the compulsory education of migrant children still needs to be strengthened. Especially in large cities that receive a large concentration of migrants and migrant children, a large number of migrant children are still unable to attend the “two-oriented†policy in public schools and need to be further implemented.
At the same time, the children of the floating population have a prominent problem of “two headsâ€. The proportion of migrant children in pre-school and high school education in the inflow areas is low, and the phenomenon of delayed compulsory education is widespread. Many pre-school children are not enrolled in kindergartens. There is a big gap between the basic publicity pre-school education proposed by the state and the efforts to solve the problem of migrant children entering the park.
Another pressing and significant issue is the problem of college entrance examinations for migrant children who are moving with them. According to the Six Pu data, combined with other data, we estimate that nearly 300,000 people face the problem of college entrance examinations in the near future. This is a major event that not only concerns the development of individuals and families, but also the recent social stability and long-term development of the country. It is urgently needed to resolve it steadily and steadily.
The desire of the floating population to integrate into the local society is strong, but the social participation channels are less. Most migrants are concerned about the development and changes of their current residences, and are willing to participate in the management and election activities of the work units or communities they live in, and gradually integrate into the local society. However, there is not much exchange between the floating population and other social groups in the current place of residence. Social exchanges are still limited to the original kinship, fellowship and other social relations, and the proportion of participation in local social activities is relatively low. 80. 7% of the current working population is found through social relationships such as themselves or family/relatives, fellows/classmates. 35% of the floating population has never participated in any activities held in the current place of residence. The proportion of participants in elections, evaluations, and owners' committees is relatively low, less than 10% (National Population and Family Planning Commission, Department of Floating Population Services Management, 012). The channels of interest appeal are constantly flowing, the channels of social participation have been broadened, and the spiritual life of amateur culture has been enriched. It has become a new desire of the floating population.
The new generation of floating population is regressing. According to China's urban-centered development strategy and the large number of young people who have gone out of the countryside, they have hollowed out the countryside from the cultural and ideological aspects. Many migrants, especially the new generation of migrants, have no farming experience (some even I don’t want to be born and raised in the countryside. I don’t see any hope of development in the countryside. So even if I can’t find a way out in the city, I don’t want to go back to the countryside, forming the so-called “city hopeless, back to the villageâ€. A dilemma.
3 Countermeasures The proposal of floating population is a long-term and overall major issue in the primary stage of socialism in China. It must be highly valued from a strategic point of view, and must be effectively and tactically carefully and properly addressed. In order to better solve the problem of floating population, we propose the following countermeasures and suggestions: 3.1 The long-term existence of large-scale floating population as the basis for the formulation of relevant laws, policies and systems has exceeded 220 million in the size of the floating population, and has not yet reached its peak. As the progress of the process progresses, China’s mobile population will continue to grow. As early as 2008, Duan Chengrong and Yang Lan had predicted the trend of the size of China's floating population based on urbanization and the transfer of agricultural surplus labor. The forecast at the time indicated that the size of the floating population will continue to grow by 2030, and its peak may reach 350 million. This prediction has been verified by the results of the Six Pu. In short, China's floating population will exist for a long time, and will further increase by a large margin, which is a very clear trend.
It is very important to emphasize this point. This is because, on the issue of floating population, planning, policy formulation and service provision in many departments and many regions are treating the floating population as a temporary stage problem and taking short-term actions for the pursuit of immediate interests. For example, many cities emphasize the population size as a regulation target when they emphasize population size regulation, and hope to squeeze out the floating population. This contradicts the long-term existence of the floating population and contradicts the long-term interests of the city. The result is often counterproductive.
We must understand the problem of floating population from a long-term, overall, and strategic height, and consciously implement this understanding into the all-round and whole process of planning, system construction, management implementation, and service provision. Only in this way can we solve the problem of floating population in China fundamentally.
3.2 Taking "the floating population will take root in the city" as the starting point, re-examine the various policies and systems related to the floating population. At present, China's floating population shows a very stable trend in the flow behavior pattern, which is not the usual change of the city. Or a migratory bird migration between urban and rural areas. In fact, many surveys have found that the willingness and inclination of migrants to settle in cities, especially large cities, is very obvious. This poses a challenge to China’s population-related policies. The existing policy system is based on the assumption that the floating population will eventually return to their hometowns, reflecting the “heavy employment, light serviceâ€.
Policies, especially social security and welfare-related policies, need to be redesigned. In particular, those major inflow cities should no longer expect the floating population to leave immediately, and regard the floating population as a passenger in the city. Instead, they should completely eradicate the previous policies based on the assumption of “current flow of migrants†and take root in the city for the floating population. Create more favorable conditions. The State Council’s government work report at the two sessions this year proposes to create conditions for people to move freely and live in peace and contentment. We believe that a mobile population will take root in the city to formulate policies, which is the first condition. Only by letting the floating population truly become the elements of the city and being more firmly rooted in the city, can they make their own contribution to urban development better, and the floating population itself will be better transformed and upgraded.
3.3 People-oriented, the institutional needs of the floating population as the basis for the supply of government systems With the increasing attention of the society and the increasing attention of government departments, the relevant policies and systems concerning the floating population have not been much in recent years. However, many systems are not attractive to the floating population, and the system implementation effect is naturally not ideal. One of the fundamental reasons is that there is no people-oriented, no starting from the perspective and willingness of the floating population, and no institutional supply and service provision according to the internal needs of the floating population.
The most obvious example is the reform of the household registration system. For decades, the direction of China's household registration reform has been to encourage people to move to small and medium-sized cities. However, the reality is that 75% of the floating population who intend to settle in the city want to enter various types of big cities. This mismatch between institutional supply and institutional demand has caused the system to lose its fundamental significance; on the other hand, it has made it difficult for the corresponding reform measures to achieve practical results.
In the future system design, a more in-depth investigation of the needs of the floating population, and consciously respect this demand, and strive to meet the reasonable part of it should be the premise of institutional construction.
1 The forecast results were included in the “2010 China Mobile Population Development Report†compiled by the National Population and Family Planning Commission. 3.4 Improving the family welfare level and improving the family development ability as the goal of improving the relevant policies of the floating population for a long time, the city is only Think of the floating population as the labor required, and less as a member of society to meet its basic needs. Even from the human point of view, it only meets the needs of its individual, completely neglecting the needs of the floating population's family life. According to the Six Pu data, there are currently 36 million children in the country who have entered the city with their parents to become migrant children, but more than 61 million children have not flowed with their parents to become left-behind children. This shows that more migrants have to choose the living conditions of parent-child separation, living in the invaded and outflowing families, which is a forced and helpless choice.
This kind of parent-child separation has a profound impact on both parents and children. In particular, those parents and parents who are both outside the home, accounting for 48% of the rural left-behind children, they stay alone in their hometown, the lack of fatherly love, maternal love has a negative impact on their emotional needs, mental health. In many cases, left-behind children are also threatened because their parents are not around, and the recent painful lessons of the five left-behind children in Guizhou Bijie are frozen.
Starting from family happiness and well-being, we need to create better conditions for children to follow their parents into the city, so that they can move in a more complete family way and achieve urbanization more thoroughly.
As mentioned above, the current family development of the floating population in China is in a period of transition from the second phase to the third phase. This means that more children and older people will join the ranks of the floating population in the coming period. Therefore, the whole society, especially the cities that absorb many floating populations such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, must have more families to enter the city life, and more children need to be prepared for education. At the same time, we should also pay attention to the increasing trend of the mobile elderly population. The results of the Six Pu Pu show that the current mobile elderly population has reached 9 million. The mobile elderly face more challenges because of their living habits, language, eating habits, social interactions, etc. They have more difficulties in integrating into the city, and the influx of society and the government need to plan ahead.
3.5 Improve public service capacity, speed up the construction of social security system for migrants, adapt to the trend of rural population transfer to the city, integrate the floating population into the urban social security system, improve the social security connection and connection system, and gradually improve the level of social security coordination, which is to improve mobility. The inevitable requirement of population well-being. It is recommended to give priority to the construction of the work-related injury insurance and medical insurance system for migrants. The migrants who work long-term and live in cities and towns are included in the urban subsistence allowances and basic insurance for urban workers, and the migrants and their families with difficulties in living are included in the scope of social insurance subsidies. Improve the housing supply system for permanent residents, including the floating population. Incorporate eligible migrants into the housing provident fund system.
3.6 Strengthening system design and striving to provide equal access to education for children of migrant population The party’s 18th National Congress report has greatly promoted the education of migrant children’s children, and the previous relevant documents are aimed at the education of migrant children’s children. The acceptance of compulsory education is adjusted to “equal access to education†and the policy objectives are directed to the entire educational process of the children of migrant workers. This is a major breakthrough in this field. However, if we have to implement this requirement, there is still a lot of work to be done. The key is to strengthen the system design and strive to provide opportunities for the equal access of children of migrant children. In terms of pre-school education, we must quickly mobilize all aspects of power through system construction, strive to expand supply, and make up for the huge gap between supply and demand in pre-school education. In compulsory education, we must strive to break through the "graded responsibility" system formed by the long-term relative solidification of the population. Establish a system that is more adaptable to the era of large population movements; on the issue of college entrance examinations in different places, it is necessary to form a national unified university entrance examination policy as soon as possible.
3.7 Paying close attention to the problems of the new generation The problem of the new generation of floating population has received wide attention from the society, especially in 2010, 'the first official use of the 'Central Document No. 1', the new generation of migrant workers "concept and demand" to take targeted measures, Efforts to solve the problem of the new generation of migrant workers "Since the characteristics of the new generation of floating population, the development of corresponding measures to solve the key problems faced by them has become the focus of relevant work in various departments.
The most important feature of the new generation is that they are no longer able to return to the countryside. Therefore, how they are based in the city is more urgent and important than the floating population of the old generation and the floating population at any time. In view of this, the current household registration system reform can be tested first among the new generation of floating population, which also captures key issues and important groups. At the same time, the reform of the household registration system requires substantial reforms to bring benefits to the new generation of migrants.
3.8 Midwestern cities should adapt to the trend of increasing inflows. For a long time, the vast central and western regions have mainly emerged as population outflows. The work related to the floating population has also mainly focused on population outflows. Therefore, most central and western cities are unfamiliar with population inflows. . In the process of decentralization of the flow of migrants, some central and western cities may quickly face the challenge of rapid growth of the floating population, and they should prepare for it in advance.